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Cabling: Presented by Wisdom, Patsika, Green

This document discusses cabling and underground cables. It introduces overhead and underground transmission systems and describes some advantages of underground cabling such as being less susceptible to damage and having lower maintenance costs. It then discusses the construction of underground cables including the types of conductors, insulation, and protective covering used. Finally, it describes different types of underground cables like solid, gas filled, oil filled and polymeric cables and provides details on their construction.

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Shione T Mundawarara
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50 views31 pages

Cabling: Presented by Wisdom, Patsika, Green

This document discusses cabling and underground cables. It introduces overhead and underground transmission systems and describes some advantages of underground cabling such as being less susceptible to damage and having lower maintenance costs. It then discusses the construction of underground cables including the types of conductors, insulation, and protective covering used. Finally, it describes different types of underground cables like solid, gas filled, oil filled and polymeric cables and provides details on their construction.

Uploaded by

Shione T Mundawarara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CABLING

PRESENTED BY
WISDOM,PATSIKA,GREEN
INTRODUCTION

Electric power can be transmitted either by overhead system or underground cabling.


The underground cables have several advantages such as;
 less liable to damage through storms or lightning.
 Low maintenance cost
 Less chances of faults
 Small voltage drops
 Better general appearance

The chief use of underground cables has been for congested urban areas at
comparatively low voltage
Underground cable
An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation
and surrounded by a protecting cover.
Although several types of cables are available, the type of cable to be used will depend upon the
working voltage and service requirements. In general, a cable must fulfil the following necessary
requirements :
(i) The conductor used in cables should be tinned stranded copper or aluminium of high conductivity.
Stranding is done so that conductor may become flexible and carry more current.
(ii) The conductor size should be such that the cable carries the desired load current without
overheating and causes voltage drop within permissible limits.
(iii) The cable must have proper thickness of insulation in order to give high degree of safety and
reliability at the voltage for which it is designed.
(iv) The cable must be provided with suitable mechanical protection so that it may withstand the
rough use in laying it.
(v) The materials used in the manufacture of cables should be such that there is complete chemical
and physical stability throughout.
CONSTRUCTION OF CABLES
 (i) Cores or Conductors. A cable may have one or more than one core (conductor) depending
 upon the type of service for which it is intended. For instance, the 3-conductor cable shown
 in Fig. 11.1 is used for 3-phase service. The conductors are made of tinned copper or
aluminium
 and are usually stranded in order to provide flexibility to the cable.
 (ii) Insulation. Each core or conductor is provided with a suitable thickness of insulation, the
 thickness of layer depending upon the voltage to be withstood by the cable. The commonly
 used materials for insulation are impregnated paper, varnished cambric or rubber mineral
 compound.
TYPES OF UNDERGROUND
CABLES
 SOLID
 GAS FILLED
 OIL FILLED
 POLYMERIC
SOLID CABLES

 The cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) underground transmission line is often


called solid dielectic cable. The solid dielectric material replaces the pressurized
liquid or gas of the pipe-type cables.
 Solid cable has become the national standard for underground electric
transmission lines less than 200 kV. There is less maintenance with the solid
cable, but impending insulation failures are much more difficult to monitor and
detect.
Solid cable cross section
Underground solid cables left to right; 345kV, 138kV, 69kV, and
distribution
11

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 Oil Filled Cables
 Low viscosity oil is kept under pressure and fills the
voids in oil impregnated paper under all conditions of
varying load.
 There are three main types of oil filled cables
a. Self-contained circular type
b. Self-contained flat type
c. Pipe Type cables
OIL FILLED CABLES
Gas Pressure Cables 13
In these cables an inert gas like nitrogen is used to exert

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pressure on paper dielectric to prevent void formation.
 These are also termed as Compression cables
 They insulated cores similar to solid type
 The cable is inserted in a pressure vessel which may be a
rigid steel pipe, commonly known as pipe line
compression cable.
 The nitrogen gas is filled in vessel at nominal pressure of
1.38 * 10 exp 6 N/ square meter with a maximum
pressure of 1.725 * 10 exp 6 N/ square meter.
OVERHEAD
TRANSMISSION
LINES
TYPES OF OVERHEAD LINES 15

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 COPPER
 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
 ACSR
 AERIAL BUNDLED CONDUCTOR
Copper

 High electrical conductivity


 Greater tensile strength
 Hard drawn copper used
 High current density
 Smaller cross-sectional area required
High cost & non availability
Aluminium
 Cheaper & light in weight, for small span
 Small conductivity & tensile strength (60% of copper)
 Cross-sectional area of conductor larger than copper(Aluminium diameter= 1.26 times of
copper)
 Higher tower with greater sag
 Specific gravity lower than copper
 Larger cross-arms required
 Not suitable for long distance transmission
ALUMINIUM ALLOY
Construction
ACSR is a concentric-lay-stranded conductor consisting of a single core wire
or a stranded steel central core with one or more layers of 1350 H19 stranded
aluminium wires. Steel
core wires are protected from corrosion by galvanizing,
aluminium-clad alloy or zinc – 5% aluminium mischmetal
alloy coating. Standard, High, Extra and Ultra High strength
steel are also available. All ACSR cables are also available in
a non-specular finish.

ACSR conductors provide dependable performance for many years under adverse weather
conditions. The combination of the aluminium and steel in the conductor design offer both
efficient conductivity and high tensile
strength making ACSR cable the most economical solution
for overhead power transmission and distribution projects
Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced(ASCR)

1- Steel strands
2- Aluminum strands
Aerial bundled cables (also aerial bundled conductors or simply ABC) are overhead power lines using several insulated
phase conductors bundled tightly together, usually with a bare neutral conductor. This contrasts with the traditional
practice of .using uninsulated conductors separated by air gaps.
The main objections to the traditional design are that the multiple conductors are considered ugly, and external forces
(such as high winds) can cause them to touch and short circuit. The resultant sparks have been a cause of bushfires in drier
climates. In the UK where some supplies to rural property are converted to PME/MEN from TT EarThing system concerns
have been expressed that the lower conductor alone may be broken, (by high vehicle or falling tree for example) but with
the upper phase conductors intact. This is a potentially dangerous fault condition. With ABC, a simultaneous disconnection
of all conductors is more likely.
In moister climates, tree growth is a significant problem for overhead power lines. Aerial bundled cables will not arc over
if touched by tree branches. Although persistent rubbing is still a problem, tree-trimming costs can be reduced.
Areas with large trees and branches falling on lines are a problem for aerial bundled cables as the line degrades over time.
Due to the very large strain forces cracking and breaking insulation can lead to short circuit failures which can then lead to
ground fires due to dripping of molten insulation.
Fiber Optics
Why use fiber optics with transmission lines
 Sensing and detection of electrical faults and failure(i.e –
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems – S.C.A.D.A)
 Can be used as a neutral or ground.
 Communication between plants and substations
 Extensive ROW (Right Of Way). The cost advantages of existing
ROW makes utilities attractive line-leasing partners for many
communications carriers.
Most commonly used Fiber Optic

 All Dielectric Self Supporting (ADSS)


 Wrap type
 Optical Ground Wire (OPGW)
Details of ADSS Cables
 High fiber count
 Cheaper than OPGW
 Installedalong electrical
transmission lines

Fig. 3
Details of the OPGW

 OPGW is a composite wire


which serves as a conventional
overhead ground wire, with the
added benefit of providing high-
capacity and reliable fiber optic
communication.

Fig. 4
Waveguides
Properties
 Has a single hollow metal pipe
 Can propagate a signal only at high frequency:  > c
 The width must be at least one-half of a wavelength
 Has signal distortion, even in the lossless case
 Immune to interference
 Can handle large amounts of power
 Has low loss (compared with a transmission line)
 Has either Ez or Hz component of the fields (TMz or TEz)
Here’s what they look like in real-life.

coax to twin line


matching section

coaxial cable twin line


 Has two conductors running parallel
 Can propagate a signal at any frequency (in theory)
 Becomes lossy at high frequency
 Can handle low or moderate amounts of power
 Does not have signal distortion, unless there is loss
 May or may not be immune to interference
 Does not have Ez or Hz components of the fields (TEMz)
APPLICATIONS OF CABLES

TRANSMISSION OF DATA
TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY

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