NATURE AND
RELEVANCE
OF
RESEARCH
TRIXIA JHOY S. ORGA
MAED- ENGLISH 1
“It’s one small step for man, one
giant leap for mankind.”
- NEIL ARMSTRONG
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
It derived from the old French word recerchier or recherché
which means “to look for or to go about seeking”.
Research literally means to repeatedly looking for
something, which had been in existence before.
The meaning of research as
defined by the experts:
Research is concerned with the finding answers (Mason & Bramble, 1989). It is a systematic, organized
search for knowledge or answers to questions.
It is systematic process of collecting and logically analyzing information or data for some purpose
(Macmillan & Schumacher, 1989).
It is a process of obtaining knowledge through techniques, where truth, accuracy, validity, reliability, and
other criteria can be ascertained (Genato et al, 1993).
It is a critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new
facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of
newly discovered facts or the practical application of such conclusions, theories or laws (Leedy, 1993).
It is systematic inquiry geared towards providing information to solve a problem (Emory, 1995)
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
Systematic – There are interrelated steps or procedures a researcher has to
observe in solving problem. It originates with a problem, followed by the
gathering of data in a logical and orderly manner guided by a reasonable guess or
hypothesis and ends with a conclusion based on observable facts or data.
Objective – It is not based on guesswork. This is because empirical data have
to be gathered by the researcher prior to making conclusions or proposing ne
solution to an identified difficulty or problems.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
Comprehensive – Examine and analyse all aspects or angles before
making a generalizations or conclusions.
Critical – This means that procedures employed by the researcher
must be able to withstand critical scrutiny by other researchers.
Valid – Whenever a researcher formulates conclusions, these have
to be based on actual findings.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
Verifiable – Research is said to be verifiable as other researchers
can check on the correctness of the results by replicating the study,
based on methods and procedures employed by the researcher.
Empirical – Research is empirical as generalizations drawn by a
researcher are rooted upon hard evidence gathered from information
collected from real-life experiences or observations.
THE VALUE OF RESEARCH
Expert Opinion
Sensory Experience
Agreement With Others
Reasoning
Common Sense
Research
TYPES OF RESEARCH
According To Who Does The
Study
Academic Research – It is conducted by an individual in
fulfilling the requirements for the conferment of an
academic title or degree.
Research Project – Undertaken by an individual or group
as part of their professional work or assignment.
According To Application of The
Results
Pure or Theoretical – The purpose of this is to formulate
theories, laws, or principles, with no intended application of
results.
Applied or Practical – It is an inquiry to text or evaluate a
theory or knowledge arrived at, in the solution of a problem
or for useful ends.
According To Methodology
Descriptive Research – Describe systematically, factually,
accurately, and objectively a situation, problem or phenomenon.
(What is?)
Correlational or Associational Research – Probe the significance
of the relationship between two or more factors or characteristics.
Explanatory Research – Clarify why and how a relationship exists
between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon.
According To Methodology
Ex Post Facto or Causal-Comparative Research – Delves on
analysing the possible effect of a factor which cannot be manipulated
and controlled.
Experimental Research – Probes into the cause of an effect by
exposing one or more experimental groups to one or more treatments or
conditions.
Exploratory Research- Examining or exploring areas where little is
known about the research problem.
According To Methodology
Historical Research – Researchers attempt to reconstruct
the past objectively and accurately or to explain an incident
that happened in the past with the use of data taken from the
past.
Ethnographic Research – Explains or describes a
phenomenon holistically, with the use of multiple data
collections techniques.
According to Data
Qualitative – Presented in the form of words, pictures, or
objects.
Quantitative – Presented in the form of numbers and are
usually gathered objectively and efficiently using
instruments that yield in numerical data.
RESEARCH PROCESS
STEP 1: Idea-Generating Phase
STEP 2: Problem-Definition Phase
STEP 3: Procedure-Design Phase
STEP 4: Data-Collection Phase
STEP 5: Data-Analysis Phase
STEP 6: Interpretation Phase
STEP 7: Communication Phase
THANK YOU !
