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Lesson 1

Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. It involves defining a population and variable(s) of interest, taking a sample from the population, and using statistics (measures computed from sample data) and parameters (measures computed from population data) to describe and make inferences about the population. The two major fields are applied statistics, which involves descriptive and inferential techniques, and theoretical statistics, which develops the mathematical foundations of applied statistical methods. The goal of a statistical inquiry is to obtain information needed to solve a research problem through objectives like describing population characteristics or comparing subgroups.

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299 views

Lesson 1

Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. It involves defining a population and variable(s) of interest, taking a sample from the population, and using statistics (measures computed from sample data) and parameters (measures computed from population data) to describe and make inferences about the population. The two major fields are applied statistics, which involves descriptive and inferential techniques, and theoretical statistics, which develops the mathematical foundations of applied statistical methods. The goal of a statistical inquiry is to obtain information needed to solve a research problem through objectives like describing population characteristics or comparing subgroups.

Uploaded by

Jezeil Dimas
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Definition of Statistics

Statistics is the branch of science that deals


with the collection, organization, analysis,
interpretation and presentation of data.

Chapter 1. Introduction
Population vs. Sample

Population is the collection of all


elements under consideration in a
statistical inquiry.

Sample is a subset of the


population.
Chapter 1. Introduction
Figure 1.1 (page 4) shows a diagram depicting the relationship between the
population and the sample. The big circle is the population while the small
circle within is the sample. This emphasizes the requirement that
all elements of the sample must belong in the population.
Population

Sample

Figure 1.1 Population and the


Sample
Chapter 1. Introduction
Examples
Problem: What is the average expenditure of households in Metro Manila?
Population: set of all households in Metro Manila

Problem: What is the average expenditure of households in Quezon City?


Population: set of all households in Quezon City

Example of population with people as elements:


 set of farmers in Central Luzon

Examples of population with animals/objects as elements:


 collection of milkfish cultured in Luzon

 set of fluorescent bulbs manufactured for a month

Examples of population with areas as elements:


 set of barangays in Metro Manila

 collection of fishponds in Pampanga

Chapter 1. Introduction
Variable, Observation, and Data

 The variable is a characteristic or attribute of the


elements in a collection that can assume different
values for the different elements.

 An observation is a realized value of a


variable measured from an element.

 Data is the collection of all the observations.

Chapter 1. Introduction
Examples of variables with their

possible values:

Variable Name Possible Values


 I = monthly income i>0
of a person in
pesos n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
 N = number of
children of a teacher h > 0 cms.
 H = height of a basketball
player
Chapter 1. Introduction
Example of Population and
Variable/s of Interest

The research division of a certain


pharmaceutical company is investigating the
effectiveness a new pill in reducing
of
weight diet
on female adults.

Population: set of all female adults who will use the


diet pill
Variable/s of interest: weight before taking the diet pill,
weight after taking the diet pill

Chapter 1. Introduction
Exercise
A doctor claims that three tablespoons of pure virgin
coconut oil daily can reduce weight. To test the
doctor’s claim, a researcher studied two groups of 25
women aged 35 to 40 years with weights between 130
to 140 pounds. He administered the three tablespoons
of pure virgin coconut oil daily for a period of three
months to one group of women only. After three
months, he
weighed the two groups of women.

a) Identify the two populations of interest.


- set of all women who will take pure virgin coconut oil daily
- set of all women who will not

Chapter 1. Introduction
b.) What are the two samples?
- it refers to the two groups that the doctor will be testing: 1 group will take 3 tbsp. daily
for 3 months and 1 group who will not take
c.) What is the variable of interest?
- weight of the groups after 3 months
Definition of Summary Measure

A measure is a single
summary figure that describes a
numeric
particular feature of the whole
collection.

Chapter 1. Introduction
Parameter and Statistic

 The is a summary measure


describing
parameter a specific characteristic of the
population. (It is computed using population
data.)

 The statistic is a summary measure


describing a specific characteristic of the
sample. (It is computed using sample
data.)
Chapter 1. Introduction
Example of Parameter and Statistic

Consider the case where our population consists of 35 students in an Elementary


Statistics class. The parameter of interest is P=proportion of students in this class
with cellular phones.
number of elements possessing a certain characteristic no. of students with cellular phones
P 

number of elements in the collection no. of students in


the population
The variable under study, X, is whether or not the student owns a cellular
phone. This variable has only two possible values:
0 - student does not own a cellular phone 1 - student owns a cellular phone.

Suppose that among the 35 no. students,


of students28
in the
ownpopulation 35
a cellular phone. Thus,
Suppose we were not able to collect data from all the 35 students. Instead, we
no. of students with cellular phones 28
only tookP a sample of 10 students from this class.  0.8 Among the 10 students in the
sample, 7 own cellular phones. Can you compute for the parameter, P?
Chapter 1. Introduction
Example of Parameter and Statistic

We cannot compute for the parameter, P=proportion of students in


the population with cellular phones but we can compute for Pˆ (read as “P hat”),
where Pˆ =proportion of students in the sample with cellular phones as follows:

no. of students with cellular phones in the sample 7


Pˆ    0.7
no. of students in the sample

10

The proportion of students in our sample with cellular phones is


an example of a statistic because it is a summary measure
describing a characteristic of the sample.
Suppose we redefine the population as the collection of all
students enrolled in all sections of Elementary Statistics so that the class
consisting of 35 students earlier is now just a sample taken from this new
Chapter 1. Introduction
population. Is the earlier computed proportion of 0.8 a parameter or a
Two Major Fields of Statistics

1. Applied Statistics
 Definition: Applied statistics is concerned with the
procedures and techniques used in the collection, presentation,
organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.
 The study of applied statistics allows us to select and properly implement
the most appropriate statistical methods that will provide solutions to the
research problem

2. Theoretical or Mathematical Statistics


 Definition: Mathematical Statistics is concerned
with the development of the mathematical foundations of the
methods used in applied statistics.
 The study of mathematical statistics permits us to understand the rationale
behind the methods we use in analysis and to establish new theories that
will validate the use of new statistical methods or modifications of existing
statistical methods in solving research problems that are more complex.

Chapter 1. Introduction
Two Major Areas of Applied Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics
 Descriptive statistics includes all the techniques used in
organizing, summarizing and presenting the data on hand.
 It cannot be used to make generalizations about the population if the data
on hand is simply sample data.

2. Inferential Statistics
 Inferential statistics includes all the techniques used in
analyzing the sample data that will lead to generalizations about a
population from which the sample came from.
 We arrive at our conclusions under conditions of uncertainty because we
use partial information only. Conclusions will be subject to
some error. Probability theory will help us understand the possible errors
that can be committed.

Chapter 1. Introduction
Example of Inferential Statistics:

Election polls make use of inferential statistics to predict the winners


for the coming election based on data collected from a sample of
registered voters.

Example: Krystal Surveys on the 1998 Presidential Elections

Sample size: 500 Metro Manila


2387 Other provinces
2887

Actual Estimate
(based on quick count) (based on survey)
Estrada 40% 34%
De Venecia 16% 14%

Chapter 1. Introduction
Definition of Statistical Inquiry

A inquir is a
statistical that y
research designed
information
needed to solve a research problem.
provides

Chapter 1. Introduction
Possible Objectives of a
Statistical Inquiry
1. describe the characteristic of the elements in the population under study through
the computation or estimation of a parameter such as the proportion, total,
and average;
2. compare the characteristics of the elements in the different subgroups in the
population through contrasts of their respective summary measures;
3. justify an assertion made by the researcher about a particular characteristic of
the population or subgroups in the population;
4. determine the nature and strength of relationships among the different
variables of interest;
5. identify the different groups of inter-related variables under study;

6. reveal the natural groupings of the elements in the population based on the
values of a set of variables;
7. determine the effects of one or more variables on a response variable;

8. clarify patterns and trends in the values of a variable over time or space;
9. predict the value of a variable based upon its relationship with another
variable;
and,
10. forecast future values of a variable using a sequence of observations on the same
variable taken over time.

Chapter 1. Introduction

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