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Electronic Pid Controller Design: Dr. Mourouga Pragash.S

1. The document describes the design of an electronic PID controller. It discusses error detection using a resistor and differential amplifier to calculate the difference between the process signal and setpoint voltage. 2. It provides an example of using an error detector with a sensor that converts a position from 0 to 2 meters into a 4 to 20 mA current. It calculates the error voltage range from -0.5V to 1.1V as the position varies from 0 to 2 meters. 3. Proportional control mode provides a linear relationship between the controller output and the error signal. The proportional band defines the range of error that produces a controller output between 0-100%.

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Mourougapragash Subramanian
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96 views16 pages

Electronic Pid Controller Design: Dr. Mourouga Pragash.S

1. The document describes the design of an electronic PID controller. It discusses error detection using a resistor and differential amplifier to calculate the difference between the process signal and setpoint voltage. 2. It provides an example of using an error detector with a sensor that converts a position from 0 to 2 meters into a 4 to 20 mA current. It calculates the error voltage range from -0.5V to 1.1V as the position varies from 0 to 2 meters. 3. Proportional control mode provides a linear relationship between the controller output and the error signal. The proportional band defines the range of error that produces a controller output between 0-100%.

Uploaded by

Mourougapragash Subramanian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRONIC PID CONTROLLER DESIGN

Dr. MOUROUGA PRAGASH.S


Error detector
The detection of an error signal is done in electronic controllers by taking the
difference between voltages. One voltage is generated by the process signal
current passed through a resistor. The second voltage represents the set point,
which is usually generated by a voltage divider using a constant voltage as a
source.

Fig shows error detection for systems using a floating power supply. Assume a
two wire system is in use so that the current drawn from the floating power
supply is the 4 to 20 mA signal current. The signal current is used to produce a
voltage IR across the resistor R. This is placed in series opposition to a voltage,
Vsp tapped from a variable resistor, Rsp connected to a constant positive source, V0.
The result is an error voltage VE, where,
VE = Vsp – IR.
VE is then used in the process controller to calculate controller output.
An error detector also can be made from a differential amplifier as shown in Fig.
Such a system can be used only if the current from the transducer is referenced to ground. The
sensor signal current passes to ground through RL providing a signal voltage Vm = IRL. The
differential amplifier then subtracts this from the setpoint voltage.
A sensor converts from 0 to 2.0 m in to a 4 to 20 mA current. An error detector such as shown in Fig. 2.2 is
used with R = 100 Ω, V0 =5.0 V and Rsp = 1KΩ pot.
a) If the setpoint is 0.85 m what is Vsp?
b) If Vsp = 1.5 V, what is the range of error voltage as position varies from 0 to 2.0m?
 
Given: Sensor converts 0 to 2.0 m in to 4 to 20 mA, R = 100 Ω, V0 =5.0 V and Rsp = 1KΩ pot
Now find the slope K and intersect I0 of the linear relation between the Position H and the current I,
where,
I = KH+ I0
Knowing H and I 4 mA = 0 K + I0
20 mA = 2.0K+ I0
Solving these simultaneous equations, I0 = 4 mA
K = 8 mA/m
So the relation between position and current becomes I = (8mA/m)H+4mA
a) Given setpoint = 0.85 m, Vsp = ? Calculating corresponding current
signal, gives:
I = (8mA/m)0.85 m+4mA
= 10.8 mA
Since R = 100 Ω is used to convert the measurement signal current in to voltage signal, use same
Rsp to convert setpoint current signal in to equivalent voltage signal Vsp
Thus Vsp = 10.8 mA× 100 Ω
= 1.08 V

B)Given Vsp = 1.5V


Now to calculate the error if the position varies between 0 to 2.0m, first find the corresponding
current signal and then its voltage equivalent.
As position varies between 0 to 2.0 m current varies between 4 to 20 mA.
Corresponding voltage equivalent is : 4 mA × 100 Ω to 20 mA × 100 Ω
i. e, 0.4V to 2V. So the error signal is: Ve = 1.5 – 0.4 = 1.1 V and
Ve = 1.5 – 2 = - 0.5 V
Proportional Control Mode

The linear relationship exists between the controller output and the error. Thus, over some range of errors about the setpoint,
each value of error has a unique value of controller output in one-to-one correspondence.
The range of error to cover the 0% to 100% controller output is called the proportional band, because
the one-to-one correspondence exists only for errors in this range. This mode can be expressed
By

Direct and Reverse Action


Recall that the error in Equation is expressed using the difference between setpoint and the measurement, . r-
b
This means that as the measured value increases above the setpoint, the error will be negative and the output
will decrease. That is, the term will subtract from .
Thus,

represents reverse action. Direct action would be provided by putting a negative sign in front of the
correction term.

In general, the proportional band is defined by the equation

the characteristics of the proportional mode


1. If the error is zero, the output is a constant equal to .Po

2. If there is error, for every 1% of error, a correction of Kp percent is added to or


subtracted from P0, depending on the sign of the error.

3. There is a band of error about zero of magnitude PB within which the output is
not saturated at 0% or 100%.

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