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H.D. Jain College, Ara (V. K. S. University, Ara)

This document discusses the history of artificial (early) systems of plant classification. It describes several influential early classifiers like Theophrastus, Pliny, Dioscorides, and how their systems were based on one or few plant characteristics like habit or medicinal properties. It then outlines the systems developed by later botanists like Caesalpino, Bauhin, Ray, Tournefort, and Camerarius who expanded plant descriptions and moved towards recognizing plant structures. Finally, it discusses Carolus Linnaeus as the "Father of Botany" and describes his sexual system of classification based on plant reproduction that dominated botanical classification for 75 years until replaced by natural systems.

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50 views15 pages

H.D. Jain College, Ara (V. K. S. University, Ara)

This document discusses the history of artificial (early) systems of plant classification. It describes several influential early classifiers like Theophrastus, Pliny, Dioscorides, and how their systems were based on one or few plant characteristics like habit or medicinal properties. It then outlines the systems developed by later botanists like Caesalpino, Bauhin, Ray, Tournefort, and Camerarius who expanded plant descriptions and moved towards recognizing plant structures. Finally, it discusses Carolus Linnaeus as the "Father of Botany" and describes his sexual system of classification based on plant reproduction that dominated botanical classification for 75 years until replaced by natural systems.

Uploaded by

Fah Rukh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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H.D.

JAIN COLLEGE, ARA


(V. K. S. University, Ara)

For B.Sc.(Hons.) Ahmad Masood


Department of Botany
INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM
OF PLANT CLASSIFICATION

PART-II
ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM
ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM
A. The earliest system of
classification.

B. Based on the study of one or few


characters of plant.

C. Began with Theophrastus and


continued up to Linnaeus.
Theophrastus(370-287 B.C.)
 A Greek Naturalist and was the disciple of
Plato and Aristotle.
 Known as “Father of Botany”.
 Gave the earliest classification.
 Dividedplants on basis of habit i.e., Herbs,
Under shrubs and Trees.
 Hisde Historia plantarum was considered as
the oldest botanical work in existence.
 Gave the description of about 500 plants.
Caius Plinius Secundus (23-79 A.D.)

• A Roman Naturalist.
• 37- volume work Historia Naturalis
described
everything that existed and he could know,
9-volume devoted to medicinal plants.
Pendonion Dioscorides (62-128 A.D.)

• Described about 600 medicinal plants in


his book Materia Medica.
The decline of Greek and
Roman Civilization
• No significant botanical propers for about 1400
years.
• In 16th century several herbalists took interest
and revived interest in the plant science.
Andrea Caesalpino (1510-1603 A.D.)

• An Italian, authored De plantis (1583).


• It carries the description of over 1500 plants.
• Divided plants into woody and herbaciacs
habits.
• Further division was based on fruit, seed and
embryo characters.
Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624 A.D.)

• A Swiss botanist.
• Collected plants from various places like
Italy, France and Switzerland.
• Penax Theatri Botanici (1623) contains a list
list of 6000 species.
• Used binomial system of nomenclature for
several strains.
John Ray (1627-1705)
• An English botanist .
• Historia Plantarum (1686-1704), a three
volume work, an improved version of
originally produced system in Methodus
Plantarum Nova (1682).
• First person to divide major group of herbs
and trees into Dicotyledons and
Monocotyledons.
• His System was the foundation stone for
Natural System.
Tournefort (1656-1708)
• A French Botanist.
• Elements de botanique (1694) contained
description of 698 genre and 10146 species.
• First to characterise genre (an advancement
over Bauhin).
Rudolf Camerarius (1665-1721)
• A German.
• First to recognise Sex in plants (flower).
• Pollen was necessary for fertilization (later used
by Linnaeus.
Carolus Linnacus (1707-1778)
• A Swedish Naturalist.
• Known as Father of Botany.
• Dominated the botanical world in 18th century.
• Interested in Sexuality in plants.
• His system was also known as “Sexual System”.
• Philosophic Botanica (1751) and species
plantarum (1753) were the famous contributions.
Few facts about species plantarum
• About 7300 species are described.
• Consistently used binomial system of plants
having
1. The first word Generis
2. The second specific epithet.
• Divided plants into 24 classes.
• Number, size and union stawns formed the
basis.
• Linnaeus’ System remained dominant for 75
years.
• Replaced by de Jussie and de Candoles
System.
• Emergence of Natural System of
classification.

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