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Course Instructor: Dr. Afshan Jamil Lecture # 1: Chapter # 1: Computer Abstractions and Technology

This document provides an overview of computer abstractions and technology in 3 chapters and various subsections. It discusses [1] the computer revolution driven by Moore's Law and novel applications, [2] classes of computers including personal computers, servers, supercomputers, and embedded devices, and [3] the post-PC era dominated by personal mobile devices and cloud computing. It also covers computer performance factors, the eight great ideas in computer design, levels of program code, the five classic components of a computer, and emerging technology trends.

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Asim Riaz
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65 views23 pages

Course Instructor: Dr. Afshan Jamil Lecture # 1: Chapter # 1: Computer Abstractions and Technology

This document provides an overview of computer abstractions and technology in 3 chapters and various subsections. It discusses [1] the computer revolution driven by Moore's Law and novel applications, [2] classes of computers including personal computers, servers, supercomputers, and embedded devices, and [3] the post-PC era dominated by personal mobile devices and cloud computing. It also covers computer performance factors, the eight great ideas in computer design, levels of program code, the five classic components of a computer, and emerging technology trends.

Uploaded by

Asim Riaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter # 1:

Computer Abstractions and


Technology

Course Instructor: Dr. Afshan Jamil


Lecture # 1
• The computer revolution
• Classes of computers
• Post PC era

Contents
• Understanding performance
• Eight great ideas
• Below your program
• Level of program code
• Five classic components of computer
• Technology trends
The Computer Revolution

• Progress in computer technology


– Underpinned by Moore’s Law
• Makes novel applications feasible
– Computers in automobiles
– Cell phones
– Human genome project
– World Wide Web
– Search Engines
• Computers are pervasive
Classes of Computers

• Personal computers
– Target individual users.
– General purpose, variety of software.
– Subject to cost/performance tradeoff.
• Server computers
– Network based.
– High capacity, performance, reliability.
– Range from small servers to building sized.
Classes of Computers

• Supercomputers
– High-end scientific and engineering calculations.
– Highest capability but represent a small fraction of
the overall computer market.
• Embedded computers
– Largest class of computers.
– Hidden as components of systems.
– Stringent power/performance/cost constraints.
Post PC Era
Post PC Era

• Personal Mobile Device (PMD)


– Battery operated
– Connects to the Internet
– Hundreds of dollars
– Smart phones, tablets, electronic glasses
• Cloud computing
– Warehouse Scale Computers (WSC)
– Portion of software run on a PMD and a portion run in the
Cloud
– Amazon and Google
Understanding Performance

• Algorithm
– Determines number of operations executed.
• Programming language, compiler, architecture
– Determine number of machine instructions executed
per operation.
• Processor and memory system
– Determine how fast instructions are executed.
• I/O system (including OS)
– Determines how fast I/O operations are executed.
Eight Great Ideas

• Design for Moore’s Law


• Use abstraction to simplify design
• Make the common case fast
• Performance via parallelism
• Performance via pipelining
• Performance via prediction
• Hierarchy of memories
• Dependability via redundancy
Below your Program

• Application software
– Written in high-level language
• System software
– Compiler:
• translates HLL code to machine code
– Operating System:
• service code
• Handling input/output
• Managing memory and storage
• Scheduling tasks & sharing resources
• Hardware
– Processor, memory, I/O controllers
Levels of Program Code
CONTD..

• High-level language
– Level of abstraction closer to problem domain.
– Provides for productivity and portability.
• Assembly language
– Textual representation of instructions.
• Hardware representation.
– Binary digits (bits) Encoded instructions and
data
Five Classic Components of a Computer

Input

Output
Processor

Control
Memory
1001010010110000
0010100101010001
1111011101100110
1001010010110000
Datapath 1001010010110000
1001010010110000
Looking through the glass

LCD screen: picture elements (pixels)


Mirrors content of frame buffer memory
Touch Screen

• Post PC device
• Supersedes keyboard and mouse
• Resistive and Capacitive types
– Most tablets, smart phones use capacitive
– Capacitive allows multiple touches
simultaneously
Opening the box
Inside the processor

• Datapath: performs operations on data.


• Control: sequences datapath, memory, ..
• Cache memory
– Small fast SRAM memory for immediate
access to data
CONTD…
Abstraction

• Abstraction helps us deal with complexity


– Hide lower-level detail
• Instruction set architecture (ISA)
– The hardware/software interface
• Application binary interface
– The ISA plus system software interface
• Implementation
– The details underlying and interface
A safe place for data
Networks

• Communication, resource sharing,


nonlocal access
• Local area network (LAN): Ethernet
• Wide area network (WAN): the Internet
• Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth
Technology Trends
Thanks..

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