OVERVIEW OF

AGRARIAN REFORM
PROGRAM AND
POLICIES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 Pre-Spanish Period
 “This land is Ours God gave this land to us”

 Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, Filipinos

lived in villages or barangays ruled by chiefs or datus.
The datus comprised the nobility. Then came the
maharlikas (freemen), followed by the aliping
mamamahay (serfs) and aliping saguiguilid (slaves).

 However, despite the existence of different classes in

the social structure, practically everyone had access
to the fruits of the soil. Money was unknown, and rice
served as the medium of exchange.
 Spanish Period
 “United we stand, divided we fall”

 When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the

concept of encomienda (Royal Land Grants) was
introduced. This system grants that Encomienderos
must defend his encomienda from external attack,
maintain peace and order within, and support the
missionaries. In turn, the encomiendero acquired the
right to collect tribute from the indios (native).

 The system, however, degenerated into abuse of

power by the encomienderos The tribute soon
became land rents to a few powerful landlords. And
the natives who once cultivated the lands in freedom
were transformed into mere share tenants.
 First Philippine Republic
 “The yoke has finally broken”

 When the First Philippine Republic was established in

1899, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared in the Malolos
Constitution his intention to confiscate large estates,
especially the so-called Friar lands.

 However, as the Republic was short-lived, Aguinaldo’s

plan was never implemented.
 American Period
 “Long live America”
 Significant legislation enacted during the American Period:
 Philippine Bill of 1902 – Set the ceilings on the hectarage of private
individuals and corporations may acquire: 16 has. for private individuals and
1,024 has. for corporations.
 Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) – Provided for a comprehensive
registration of land titles under the Torrens system.
 Public Land Act of 1903 – introduced the homestead system in the
Philippines.
 Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113) – regulated relationships
between landowners and tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane
lands.
 The Torrens system, which the Americans instituted for the registration of
lands, did not solve the problem completely. Either they were not aware of
the law or if they did, they could not pay the survey cost and other fees
required in applying for a Torrens title.
 Commonwealth Period
 “Government for the Filipinos”
 President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the "Social Justice" program to
arrest the increasing social unrest in Central Luzon.
 Significant legislation enacted during Commonwealth Period:
 1935 Constitution – "The promotion of social justice to ensure the well-
being and economic security of all people should be the concern of the
State"
 Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No.
4045), Nov. 13, 1936 – Provided for certain controls in the landlord-
tenant relationships
 National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC), 1936 – Established the
price of rice and corn thereby help the poor tenants as well as
consumers.
 Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937 – Specified reasons for the dismissal
of tenants and only with the approval of the Tenancy Division of the
Department of Justice.
 Rural Program Administration, created March 2, 1939 – Provided the
purchase and lease of haciendas and their sale and lease to the tenants.
 Japanese Occupation
 “The Era of Hukbalahap”
 The Second World War II started in Europe in 1939 and
in the Pacific in 1941.
 Hukbalahap controlled whole areas of Central Luzon;
landlords who supported the Japanese lost their
lands to peasants while those who supported the
Huks earned fixed rentals in favor of the tenants.
 Unfortunately, the end of war also signaled the end
of gains acquired by the peasants.
 Upon the arrival of the Japanese in the Philippines in
1942, peasants and workers organizations grew
strength. Many peasants took up arms and identified
themselves with the anti-Japanese group, the
HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon).
 Philippine Republic

 “The New Republic”

 After the establishment of the Philippine Independence in 1946, the
problems of land tenure remained. These became worst in certain
areas. Thus the Congress of the Philippines revised the tenancy law.
 President Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948) enacted the following laws:
 Republic Act No. 34 -- Established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and
regulating share-tenancy contracts.
 Republic Act No. 55 -- Provided for a more effective safeguard against
arbitrary ejectment of tenants.
 Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953) enacted the following law:
 Executive Order No. 355 issued on October 23, 1950 -- Replaced the
National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement
Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the
responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation
and the Rice and Corn Production Administration.
 Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) enacted the following
laws:

 Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 -- Abolished the LASEDECO

and established the National Resettlement and
Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle
dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed
at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in
Palawan and Mindanao.
 Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954)
-- governed the relationship between landowners and
tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and
leasehold system. The law provided the security of
tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian
Relations.
 Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) --
Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which
was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of
large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares
for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.
 Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit
Cooperative Financing Administration) -- Provided
small farmers and share tenants loans with low
interest rates of six to eight percent.
 President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
 Continued the program of President Ramon
Magsaysay. No new legislation passed.
 President Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965) enacted
the following law:
 Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural
Land Reform Code) -- Abolished share tenancy,
institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75
hectares, invested rights of preemption and
redemption for tenant farmers, provided for an
administrative machinery for implementation,
institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian cases,
incorporated extension, marketing and supervised
credit system of services of farmer beneficiaries.
 The RA was hailed as one that would emancipate
Filipino farmers from the bondage of tenancy.
 President Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
 Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 ushered the Period of the
New Society. Five days after the proclamation of Martial Law, the entire
country was proclaimed a land reform area and simultaneously the
Agrarian Reform Program was decreed.
 President Marcos enacted the following laws:
 Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA No. 6390 of
1971 -- Created the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian
Reform Special Account Fund. It strengthen the position of farmers and
expanded the scope of agrarian reform.
 Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26, 1972 -- Declared the country
under land reform program. It enjoined all agencies and offices of the
government to extend full cooperation and assistance to the DAR. It
also activated the Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council.
 Presidential Decree No. 27, October 21, 1972 -- Restricted land reform
scope to tenanted rice and corn lands and set the retention limit at 7
hectares.
 President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)
 The Constitution ratified by the Filipino people during
the administration of President Corazon C. Aquino
provides under Section 21 under Article II that “The
State shall promote comprehensive rural
development and agrarian reform.”

 On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C. Aquino

signed into law Republic Act No. 6657 or otherwise
known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
(CARL). The law became effective on June 15, 1988.

 Subsequently, four Presidential issuances were

released in July 1987 after 48 nationwide
consultations before the actual law was enacted.
 President Corazon C. Aquino enacted the following laws:

 Executive Order No. 228, July 16, 1987 – Declared full ownership to qualified farmer-
beneficiaries covered by PD 27. It also determined the value remaining unvalued rice and
corn lands subject of PD 27 and provided for the manner of payment by the FBs and mode of
compensation to landowners.
 Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 – Provided mechanism for the implementation of the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
 Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987 – Instituted the CARP as a major program of the
government. It provided for a special fund known as the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), with
an initial amount of Php50 billion to cover the estimated cost of the program from 1987-1992.
 Executive Order No. 129-A, July 26, 1987 – streamlined and expanded the power and
operations of the DAR.
 Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law) – An act which
became effective June 15, 1988 and instituted a comprehensive agrarian reform program to
promote social justice and industrialization providing the mechanism for its implementation
and for other purposes. This law is still the one being implemented at present.
 Executive Order No. 405, June 14, 1990 – Vested in the Land Bank of the Philippines the
responsibility to determine land valuation and compensation for all lands covered by CARP.
 Executive Order No. 407, June 14, 1990 – Accelerated the acquisition and distribution of
agricultural lands, pasture lands, fishponds, agro-forestry lands and other lands of the public
domain suitable for agriculture.
 President Fidel V. Ramos enacted the following laws:
 Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 – Amended certain provisions of RA
6657 and exempted fishponds and prawns from the coverage of
CARP.
 Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 – Strengthened the implementation
of the CARP.
 Executive Order No. 363, 1997 – Limits the type of lands that may
be converted by setting conditions under which limits the type
of lands that may be converted by setting conditions under
which specific categories of agricultural land are either
absolutely non-negotiable for conversion or highly restricted for
conversion.
 Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act AFMA) – Plugged the legal loopholes in land
use conversion.
 Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill) – Provided
an additional Php50 billion for CARP and extended its
implementation for another 10 years.
 President Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2000)
 “ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP’. This was the battle cry that endeared
President Joseph Estrada and made him very popular during the 1998
presidential election.

 President Joseph E. Estrada initiated the enactment of the following

law:
 Executive Order N0. 151, September 1999 (Farmer’s Trust Fund) –
Allowed the voluntary consolidation of small farm operation into
medium and large scale integrated enterprise that can access long-term
capital.
 During his administration, President Estrada launched the Magkabalikat
Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or MAGKASAKA. The DAR forged into joint
ventures with private investors into agrarian sector to make FBs
competitive.
 However, the Estrada Administration was short lived. The masses who
put him into office demanded for his ouster.
 President Gloria Macapacal-Arroyo (2000-2010)
 The agrarian reform program under the Arroyo administration is anchored on the vision “To
make the countryside economically viable for the Filipino family by building partnership and
promoting social equity and new economic opportunities towards lasting peace and
sustainable rural development.”
 Land Tenure Improvement - DAR will remain vigorous in implementing land acquisition and
distribution component of CARP. The DAR will improve land tenure system through land
distribution and leasehold.
 Provision of Support Services - CARP not only involves the distribution of lands but also
included package of support services which includes: credit assistance, extension services,
irrigation facilities, roads and bridges, marketing facilities and training and technical support
programs.
 Infrastrucre Projects - DAR will transform the agrarian reform communities (ARCs), an area
focused and integrated delivery of support services, into rural economic zones that will help
in the creation of job opportunities in the countryside.

 KALAHI ARZone - The KALAHI Agrarian Reform (KAR) Zones were also launched. These
zones consists of one or more municipalities with concentration of ARC population to
achieve greater agro-productivity.

 Agrarian Justice - To help clear the backlog of agrarian cases, DAR will hire more paralegal
officers to support undermanned adjudicatory boards and introduce quota system to compel
adjudicators to work faster on agrarian reform cases. DAR will respect the rights of both
farmers and landowners.
 President Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016)
 President Benigno Aquino III vowed during his 2012 State of the Nation Address that he
would complete before the end of his term the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
(CARP), the centerpiece program of the administration of his mother, President Corazon
Aquino.
 The younger Aquino distributed their family-owned Hacienda Luisita in Tarlac. Apart from the
said farm lots, he also promised to complete the distribution of privately-owned lands of
productive agricultural estates in the country that have escaped the coverage of the
program.
 Under his administration, the Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic
Support Services (ARCCESS) project was created to contribute to the overall goal of rural
poverty reduction especially in agrarian reform areas.
 Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP) provided credit support for crop production to
newly organized and existing agrarian reform beneficiaries’ organizations (ARBOs) and
farmers’ organizations not qualified to avail themselves of loans under the regular credit
windows of banks.

 The legal case monitoring system (LCMS), a web-based legal system for recording and
monitoring various kinds of agrarian cases at the provincial, regional and central offices of
the DAR to ensure faster resolution and close monitoring of agrarian-related cases, was also
launched.
 Aside from these initiatives, Aquino also enacted Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2011, to
mandate the Department of Agriculture-Department of Environment and Natural Resources-
Department of Agrarian Reform Convergence Initiative to develop a National Greening
Program in cooperation with other government agencies.
 President Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 – present)

 Under his leadership, the President wants to pursue an “aggressive” land reform
program that would help alleviate the life of poor Filipino farmers by prioritizing
the provision of support services alongside land distribution.
 The President directed the DAR to launch the 2nd phase of agrarian reform
where landless farmers would be awarded with undistributed lands under the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
 Duterte plans to place almost all public lands, including military reserves, under
agrarian reform.
 The President also placed 400 hectares of agricultural lands in Boracay under
CARP.
 Under his administration the DAR created an anti-corruption task force to
investigate and handle reports on alleged anomalous activities by officials and
employees of the department.
 The Department also pursues an “Oplan Zero Backlog” in the resolution of cases
in relation to agrarian justice delivery of the agrarian reform program to fast-
track the implementation of CARP.