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Switchgear and Industrial Protection 6 Semester, Electrical Engg

This document discusses protective relays, including their classification and common terms. It is divided into two units: Unit 2 covers the classification of protective relays by construction/operation, application, and time of operation. Relays are classified as electromagnetic, induction, electrothermal, static, and more. They are also classified based on monitoring under/over voltage, current, power, direction, and differences. Common relay terms are also defined, such as operating force, restoring force, pickup/dropout levels, operating time, and characteristics angle. Relays are described based on their reach, overreach, and underreach capabilities.

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Ketan Kishore
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59 views

Switchgear and Industrial Protection 6 Semester, Electrical Engg

This document discusses protective relays, including their classification and common terms. It is divided into two units: Unit 2 covers the classification of protective relays by construction/operation, application, and time of operation. Relays are classified as electromagnetic, induction, electrothermal, static, and more. They are also classified based on monitoring under/over voltage, current, power, direction, and differences. Common relay terms are also defined, such as operating force, restoring force, pickup/dropout levels, operating time, and characteristics angle. Relays are described based on their reach, overreach, and underreach capabilities.

Uploaded by

Ketan Kishore
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Switchgear and Industrial Protection

6th Semester, Electrical Engg


Module:4
Protective Relays
Unit:2

By Dr. L. C. Saikia
Associate Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
NIT Silchar
Unit:2: Classification of Protective relays (PRs), Some relay terms

At the end of this Lecture the students will be


able to explain
How PRs are classified and what are they?
What are commonly used relay terms?
V] Classification of PRs

A] As per the construction and principle of


operation
 Ordinary Electromagnetic Relays
 Electromagnetic Induction relays or Induction
Relays
 Electro thermal relays
 Physico-electric relays (Buchholz relay)
 Static relays
 Electrodynamics relays
B] As per application
 Under voltage, undercurrent and Under power relays in
which operation takes place when voltage, current, or power
falls below a specified value (Mostly Induction type relays).

 Over voltage, over current and over power relays in which


operation takes place when voltage, current, or power rises
above a specified value (Mostly Instantaneous or Induction
type relays).

 Directional or reverse current relays in which operation


occurs when the applied current assumes a specified phase
angle displacement w.r.t the applied voltage and relay is
compensated for fall in voltage ( Mostly Induction current
relay)
B] As per application (Cont:)

 Directional or reverse power relays in which operation


occurs when the applied current and voltage assumes a
specified phase angle displacement and no compensated
for fall in voltage ( Power relays)

 Differential relays in which operation takes place at some


specified phase or magnitude difference between two or
more electrical quantities.

 Distance relays in which operation depends upon the


ratio of voltage and current.
C] As per time of operation
 Instantaneous relays in which operation takes place after a
negligibly small interval of time from the incidence of
current or other quantities which causes operation.
 Definite time lag relays in which the time of operation is
quite independent of the magnitude of the current or other
quantities which causes operation.
 Inverse time lag relays in which the time of operation is
inversely proportional to the magnitude of current or other
quantities causing operation
 Inverse definite minimum time lag (IDMT) relays in which
the time of operation is approximately inversely proportional
to the smaller values of current or other quantities causing
operation and tend to a definite minimum as the value
increases without limit,
VI] Some common Relay terms

 Operating force or torque: It is the torque (or


force) which tends to close the contacts of the relay.
 Restoring force or torque: It is the torque (or force)
which opposes the operating torque (or force) and
tends to prevent the closure of the relay contacts.
 Operating value or pick up (level): It is defined as
the threshold value of current or voltage etc above
which relay will close its contacts. A relay is said to
be pick up when it changes from un-energized state
to energized state.
Some common Relay terms ( Cont:)
 Drop out or reset (level): It is defined as that value of current or
voltage etc below which relay will open its contacts and returned
to normal position. A relay is said to be reset when it changes
from energized state to un-energized state.

 Drop out ratio or reset ratio: The ratio of the drop out (or reset)
to the pick up (or operating value) is called drop out ratio or reset
ratio

 Flag or target: It is usual device, usually spring or gravity


operated, for indicating the operation of the relay.

 Burden or power consumption: It is given by the power absorbed


by the relay circuit expressed in VA in AC and Watt in DC circuit at
the rated current or voltage.
Some common Relay terms ( Cont:)
 Operating time: It is the time which elapses from
the moment when the actuating quantity attains a
value equal to pick up value until the relay
operates its contacts.
 Seal in coil: A coil that is provides not to allow the
relay contacts to open when the current is flowing
through them.
 Maximum torque angle or characteristics angle
of the relay: The design angle of the relay that
will yield maximum torque is called maximum
torque angle or characteristics angle.
Some common Relay terms ( Cont:)

 Reach of a distance relay: The limiting distance covered


by the protection, the fault beyond which not within the
reach of protection and should be covered by protection

 Over reach: A relay is said to be over reach when it


operates at a current which is above than its setting.

 Under reach: It is just reverse of over reach and may be


defined as the failure of the distance relay to operate
within the set protected distance.

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