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Introduction To Artificial Intelligence: Aiza Shabir Lecturer Institute of CS&IT The Women University Multan

The document provides an introduction to artificial intelligence. It defines AI as attempting to build computers that exhibit human-like intelligence through techniques like reasoning, problem solving, learning, language understanding and vision. It discusses characteristics of AI programs including learning new concepts, reasoning, understanding language, planning actions, offering advice, and performing intelligent tasks. It also categorizes AI systems into those that think like humans using mechanisms like neural networks, and those that act human-like through observation. Systems can also be categorized as thinking rationally using logic, or acting rationally by doing the right thing. The document concludes with an overview of the Turing Test for evaluating intelligent behavior.

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Shah Jee
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84 views

Introduction To Artificial Intelligence: Aiza Shabir Lecturer Institute of CS&IT The Women University Multan

The document provides an introduction to artificial intelligence. It defines AI as attempting to build computers that exhibit human-like intelligence through techniques like reasoning, problem solving, learning, language understanding and vision. It discusses characteristics of AI programs including learning new concepts, reasoning, understanding language, planning actions, offering advice, and performing intelligent tasks. It also categorizes AI systems into those that think like humans using mechanisms like neural networks, and those that act human-like through observation. Systems can also be categorized as thinking rationally using logic, or acting rationally by doing the right thing. The document concludes with an overview of the Turing Test for evaluating intelligent behavior.

Uploaded by

Shah Jee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Artificial

Intelligence

Aiza Shabir
Lecturer
Institute of CS&IT
The Women University Multan.

1
Contents
 Artificial Intelligence
 Characterstics of AI Program
 Categories of System
 Turing Test
 Foundations of AI
 Views of AI Goals
 Components of AI Programs
 Sub-areas of AI
 Applications
 Latest Perception of AI

2
Artificial Intelligence

 Modeling human cognition or mental faculty


using computers
 Study of making computers do things which
at the moment people better
 Making computers do things which require
intelligence

3
Artificial Intelligence

 Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer


science that attempts to build computers
much more intelligent. Learning is one of the
essential necessities for any intellectual
behavior.

4
More Formal Definition of AI

 AI is a branch of computer science which is


concerned with the study and creation of
computer systems that exhibit

 some form of intelligence


OR
 those characteristics which we associate
with intelligence in human behavior

5
 AI is a broad area consisting of
different fields, from machine vision,
expert systems to the creation of
machines that can "think".
 In order to classify machines as
"thinking", it is necessary to define
intelligence.

6
What is Intelligence?

 Intelligence is a property of mind that


encompasses many related mental abilities,
such as the capabilities to
 reason
 plan
 solve problems
 think abstractly
 comprehend ideas and language and
 learn

7
Characteristics of AI systems
 learn new concepts and tasks
 reason and draw useful conclusions about
the world around us
 remember complicated interrelated facts and draw
conclusions from them (inference)
 understand a natural language or perceive
and comprehend a visual scene
 look through cameras and see what's there
(vision), to move themselves and objects around
in the real world (robotics)

8
Contd..
 plan sequences of actions to complete a goal
 offer advice based on rules and situations
 may not necessarily imitate human senses and
thought processes
 but indeed, in performing some tasks differently, they
may actually exceed human abilities
 capable of performing intelligent tasks effectively
and efficiently
 perform tasks that require high levels of intelligence

9
Understanding of AI

 AI techniques and ideas seem to be


harder to understand than most things in
computer science

 AI shows best on complex problems for


which general principles don't help much,
though there are a few useful general
principles

10
 Artificial intelligence is also difficult to
understand by its content.
 Boundaries of AI are not well defined.
 Often it means the advanced software
engineering, sophisticated software
techniques for hard problems that can't be
solved in any easy way.
 AI programs - like people - are usually not
perfect, and even make mistakes.

11
 It often means, nonnumeric ways of solving
problems, since people can't handle
numbers well.
 Nonnumeric ways are generally "common
sense" ways, not necessarily the best ones.
 Understanding of AI also requires an
understanding of related terms such as
intelligence, knowledge, reasoning,
thought, cognition, learning, and a number
of other computer related terms.

12
Categories of AI System

 Systems that think like humans


 Systems that act like humans

 Systems that think rationally


 Systems that act rationally

13
Systems that think like humans

 Most of the time it is a black box where we are


not clear about our thought process.
 One has to know functioning of brain and its
mechanism for possessing information.
 It is an area of cognitive science.
 The stimuli are converted into mental representation.
 Cognitive processes manipulate representation to build
new representations that are used to generate actions.
 Neural network is a computing model for
processing information similar to brain.

14
Systems that act like humans

 The overall behaviour of the system


should be human like.

 It could be achieved by observation.

15
Systems that think rationally

 Such systems rely on logic rather than human to


measure correctness.
 For thinking rationally or logically, logic formulas
and theories are used for synthesizing outcomes.
 For example,
 given John is a human and all humans are mortal then
one can conclude logically that John is mortal
 Not all intelligent behavior are mediated by logical
deliberation.

16
Systems that act rationally

 Rational behavior means doing right thing.

 Even if method is illogical, the observed


behavior must be rational.

17
The Turing Test
Turing proposed operational test for intelligent
behavior in 1950.

Human

Human ?
Interrogator
AI system

18
Thank You!

19

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