Module #1 – Simple

Stress

Engr. Lito I. Mauro

Module #1.1 – Introduction
The field of mechanics covers the relations
between forces acting on rigid bodies.
A – In statics, the bodies are in equilibrium
B – In dynamics, they are accelerated but can
be put in equilibrium by applying correctly
placed inertia forces.
Strength of materials deals with the relations
between externally applied loads and their
internal effects on bodies.
The bodies are no longer assumed to be ideally
rigid; the deformations, however small, are
taken into consideration.
 Y
Pxy
OO

Pxx
Pxz X
Pxx – Axial force. This component measures the
pulling (or pushing) action over the section.
A pull represents a tensile force which tends to
elongate the member, whereas a push is a
compressive force which tends to shorten it.
It is denoted by P.
Pxy, Pxz – Shear force. These are components
of the total resistance to sliding the portion to
one side of the exploratory section past the other.
The resultant shear force is usually designated
by V, and its components by Vy and Vz to
identify their directions.
Mxx – Torque. This component measures the
resistance to twisting the member and is
commonly given the symbol T.
Mxy, Mxz – Bending moments. These components
measure the resistance to bending the member
about the Y or Z axes and are often denoted merely
by My or Mz.
Module #1.2 – Simple
Stress
Axial force – This component measures the pulling
(or pushing) action over the section.
Stress – It is the unit strength of a material.
Dividing load by the area merely determines the
average stress.
Compressive stresses – These are caused by forces
perpendicular to the area in which they act.
Normal stresses – Tensile and compressive stresses
are frequently called normal stresses.
The unit of stress is newtons/square meter (N/m2).
1 newton/square meter is referred to as 1 pascal.
Prefixes:
Giga(G) = 109 Mega(M) = 106
Kilo(k) = 103 Milli(m) = 10-3
Micro() = 10-6
Simple Stress
Stress – the unit strength of a material.

P
=
A
Where :
 – (Greek lower case sigma) is the stress or force per unit area
P – the applied force
A – the cross-sectional area
Sample Problem #1:
Determine the largest weight W which can be
supported by the two wires. The stresses in wires
AB and AC are not to exceed 100MPa and
150MPa, respectively. The cross-sectional areas
of the two wires are 400mm2 for wire AB and
200mm2 for wire AC.
B C

30 o A
45o

W
Figure
Sample Problem #2:
Determine the stresses in members CD, BE and
DF. The cross-sectional area of each member
is 1200mm2. Indicate tension (T) or
compression (C).
Figure
Sample Problem #3:
An aluminum tube is rigidly fastened between a bronze rod
and a steel rod. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. Determine the stress in each material.

700mm
600mm
35kN Steel 25kN 25kN
Aluminum Bronze 15kN
A = 800mm2 A = 1000mm2 A = 700mm2

Figure 800mm
Problems:
1. Determine the stresses in members AC, AB, BC and
EF. The cross-sectional area of each member is
1200mm2. Indicate tension (T) or compression (C).
2. An aluminum tube is rigidly fastened between a
bronze rod and a steel rod. Axial loads are applied at
the positions indicated. Determine the stress in each
material.
 C

D
5m
3m

A 4m B 3m E 3m F

120kN 200kN

Figure 1
 700mm
500mm
600mm
25kN Steel 20kN 20kN
Aluminum Bronze 15kN
A = 800mm2 A = 1000mm2 A = 700mm2

Figure 2
Module #1.3 – Shearing
Stress
Shearing stress – It is caused by forces
acting along or parallel to the area resisting
the forces.
Shear force – These are components of the
total resistance to sliding the portion to one
side of the exploratory section past the
other.
Shearing stress may be called a tangential stress.
Shearing stress – It is produced whenever the
applied loads cause one section of a body to tend
to slide past its adjacent section.
A shearing force will exist when the resultant
shearing force passes through the centroid of the
cross section being sheared.
 Direct shear – Shear that occurs over an area
parallel to the applied load.
Induced shear – Shear that occurs over sections
inclined with the resultant load.
The shearing stress distribution does approach
uniformity when both the distance between the
applied shearing loads and the depth of the
shearing area are small.
Shearing stress differs from both tensile and
compressive stress in that it is caused by forces
acting along or parallel to the area resisting the
forces, whereas the tensile and compressive stresses
are caused by forces perpendicular to the areas on
which they act.
Tensile and compressive stresses are frequently called
normal stresses, whereas a shearing stress may be
called a tangential stress.
Shearing Stress
V
τ=
A
τ – (tau) shearing stress (N/sq.m., Pa, kPa, MPa)
V – the resultant shearing force (N, kN)
A – cross-section to be sheared (sq.cm., sq.m.)
Sample Problem:
A 750-mm pulley, and loaded, is keyed to a shaft of
50-mm diameter. Determine the width b of the
75-mm long key if the allowable shearing stress
is 70MPa.
10kN

key 10mm 75mm

750mm b

50-mmØ

6kN Figure
Problem:
1. A rectangular piece of wood, 60mm by 110mm in
cross section, is used as a compression block.
Determine the maximum axial force P which can be
safely applied to the block if the compressive stress
in the wood is limited to 22MPa and the shearing
stress parallel to the grain is limited to 6.5MPa. The
grain makes an angle of 21o with the horizontal.
Module #1.4 – Bearing Stress
Bearing stress – It is the contact pressure
between separate bodies.
Bearing stress differs from compressive stress
in that the later is the internal stress caused
by a compressive force whereas the former is a
contact pressure between separate bodies.
 Pb

Pb Pb

t
Pb
Pb
d
Bearing Stress

b = Pb / td
b – the bearing stress (Pa, kPa, MPa, N/sq.m.)
Pb – the bearing force (N, kN)
t – thickness of plate (mm)
d – hole diameter (mm)
Sample Problem:
The lap joint is fastened by three 20-mm-diameter
rivets. Assuming that P = 50kN, determine:
a – the maximum average tensile stress in each plate
b – the shearing stress in each rivet
c – the bearing stress in each rivet
Assume that the applied load P is distributed equally
among the three rivets.
P P
130mm

P
25mm P
25mm
Problem:
The lap joint is fastened by three 20-mm-diameter
rivets. Determine the maximum safe load P if the
average tensile stress in the plate is 140MPa, the
shearing stress in the rivets is 60MPa and the
bearing stress in the plates is 110MPa. Assume
that the applied load P is distributed equally
among the three rivets.