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Math1 Module1

This document provides a review of basic principles of mathematics relevant to differential calculus, including fractions, exponents, algebraic expressions, radians, lines, distance formulas, and midpoints. It defines key concepts such as fractions, exponents, radicals, algebraic simplification techniques, unit circle definitions of radians, common forms of linear equations, the distance formula, and midpoint formulas. Examples are provided to demonstrate computations and conversions involving many of these fundamental mathematical topics.

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Karla Charmagne Saliva
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42 views

Math1 Module1

This document provides a review of basic principles of mathematics relevant to differential calculus, including fractions, exponents, algebraic expressions, radians, lines, distance formulas, and midpoints. It defines key concepts such as fractions, exponents, radicals, algebraic simplification techniques, unit circle definitions of radians, common forms of linear equations, the distance formula, and midpoint formulas. Examples are provided to demonstrate computations and conversions involving many of these fundamental mathematical topics.

Uploaded by

Karla Charmagne Saliva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIFFERENTIAL

CALCULUS
Review of Basic and Fundamental Principles of
Mathematics
01 FRACTIONS
FRACTION RULES
FRACTION RULES
  SPECIAL NOTE:
You can’t divide by zero! The denominator of a fraction can never be
equal to zero.
equals zero, but is undefined.
It’s easy to see why is undefined when you consider how division works:
This tells you, of course, that 2 goes into 8 four times; in other words, 2+2
+2 +2= 8.

Well, how many zeros would you need to add up to make 5? You can’t do
it, and so you can’t divide 5 (or any other number) by zero.
NEGATIVE FRACTIONS
CANCELLATION

CAN WE CANCEL “a” FOR THE


GIVEN EXPRESSION?
 
𝒂𝟐
𝒂 +𝒃
 
𝒂𝟐  
𝒂𝟐  
𝒂
𝒂 +𝒂𝒃 𝒂 (𝟏+𝒃) (𝟏 +𝒃 )
ADDITION
SUBTRACTION
MULTIPLICATION
DIVISION
TAKE NOTE OF THESE..
 

  Mixed numbers are shorthand for addition and not multiplication. For
example, 2 means 2+ and NOT 2* .
02
PROPERTIES OF
EXPONENTS
WHAT ARE EXPONENTS?
Exponents are shorthand for repeated
multiplication of the same thing by itself.

This process of using exponents is


called "raising to a power", where the
exponent is the "power". The expression
"53" is pronounced as "five, raised to the
third power" or "five to the third".
WHAT ARE EXPONENTS?
There are two specially named powers: "to the second power" is generally
pronounced as "squared", and "to the third power" is generally pronounced
as "cubed". So "53" is commonly pronounced as "five cubed".

When we deal with numbers, we usually just simplify; we'd rather deal with
"27" than with "33". But with variables, we need the exponents, because we'd
rather deal with "x6" than with "xxxxxx".
PROPERTIES
OF
EXPONENTS
HOW DO WE
SIMPLIFY

03 ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS?
BASIC STEPS TO FOLLOW TO SIMPLIFY
AN ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION:

o remove parentheses by multiplying factors


o use exponent rules to remove parentheses in terms with exponents
o combine like terms by adding coefficients
o combine the constants
LET’S DO IT!
𝟓 ( 𝟐+ 𝑿 ) +𝟑 ( 𝟓 𝑿+ 𝟒 ) −( 𝑿 ¿ ¿ 𝟐)𝟐 ¿
 

Use the distributive property to get rid of the first two sets of
parentheses and apply the property of exponent at the last term of the
expression.
 
¿ 𝟏𝟎+𝟓 𝒙 +𝟏𝟓 𝒙+𝟏𝟐 − 𝒙 𝟒
Look for like terms and combine them. Here, we 5x and
15x (both with same variable raised to same power), 10
and 12 as constant terms.
 
¿ 𝟐𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝟒 +𝟐𝟐
LET’S DO IT!
WAIT THERE’S MORE……..

We write an algebraic expression in a certain order. We start with the


terms that have the largest exponents and work our way down to the
constants. Using the commutative property of addition, we can rearrange
the terms and put this expression in correct order.

 
¿ − 𝒙 𝟒 +𝟐𝟎 𝒙+𝟐𝟐
If you want to eliminate the negative sign in the first
term, you may multiply the whole expression to -1
 
𝒙 𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎 𝒙 −𝟐𝟐
04
RADIANS
RADIANS
A unit for measuring angles. 180° = π radians, and 360° = 2π radians. The
number of radians in an angle equals the number of radii it takes to
measure a circular arc described by that angle.

NOTE: 360° equals 2π radians because a


complete circular arc has length equal to 2π
times the radius.

Formula: θ = s/r
θ = measure of the central angle in radians
s = arc length
r = radius of the circle
RADIANS
EXAMPLE:

Given values:
r= 5
s= 10
θ = s/r
θ = 10/5
θ = 2 radians
COMMONLY USED ANGLES IN DEGREES
AND RADIANS
CONVERSION OF ANGLES
(DEGREES TO RADIANS)
The general formula for converting from degrees to radians is to simply
multiply the number of degrees by π/180∘.

EXAMPLES:

200° 120°

The general formula for converting from radians to degrees is to simply


multiply the number of degrees by 180/π ∘.

EXAMPLES:
  radians radians
EQUATION OF A
05 LINE
COMMON FORMS FOR THE EQUATION OF A
LINE
In all forms, slope is
represented by m, the
x-intercept by a, and
the y-intercept by b.

NOTE: The standard


form coefficients A, B,
and C have no
particular graphical
significance.
06
DISTANCE FROM A
POINT TO A LINE and
MIDPOINT FORMULA
DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE

The length of the shortest segment from a given point to a given line.

 The distance between point P= (x0, y0) and


line L: ax+by+c=0 is
MIDPOINT FORMULA
Midpoint is the middle point of a line segment. It is equidistant from both
endpoints, and it is the centroid of both segments and of the endpoints. It
bisects the segment.

Note that this is simply the average of the x-coordinates and the average
of the y-coordinates.

In 2 -dimensional space, the In 3 -dimensional space, the midpoint


midpoint between ( x1 , y1) and between (x1 , y1 , z1) and
( x2 , y2) is (x2 , y2 , z2) is
QUESTIONS?
Activity:
1. Find the distance between the points A = (1, 3) and B = (7, −3).
2. Let A = (1, 2) and B = (4, k), where k is some number. Find the value(s) of
k for which the distance between A and B will be 5 units.
3. M(3, 8) is the midpoint of the line AB. A has the coordinates (-2, 3), Find
the coordinates of B.
4. Find the midpoint of the two points A(1, -3) and
B(4, 5).
5. Convert 214° into radians
6. Convert 3.5π radians into degrees
Activity:

Simplify the following expressions.

1. (2x + 1)2 − (2x + 2)2 + 4x.


2.●  

3.
4.
Thank
You!

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