POWER DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEMS
LECTURE 1

Noor-ul-Ain, Lecturer, EED, UET Lahore

LECTURE CONTENTS
• Please join a class on Piazza with access code: ee358
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Illustrate the configuration, structure and operation of distribution system and its
components.
• Cognitive, 2 (PLO1)

• Assess the voltage profile and losses of a feeder and present remedial methods to
improve the voltage regulation and system efficiency.
• Cognitive, 5 (PLO4)

• Carry out symmetrical and unsymmetrical short circuit fault current calculations for
sizing and setting of protection equipment.
• Cognitive, 3 (PLO4)

• Explain the structure of smart power distribution system and the challenges of its
realization (implementation).
• Cognitive, 2 (PLO1)
TEXTBOOK

• Electric Power Distribution Engineering by Turan Gönen, CRC Press, 3rd Edition, 2014
• Reference Book:
• Distribution System Modelling and Analysis by William H. Kersting, CRC Press, 3rd Edition,
2006
GRADING POLICY

MID-TERM FINAL-TERM
• 30 % • 40 %

QUIZ ASSIGNMENT/CLASS PARTICIPATION

• 20-25 % • 5-10 %
COURSE DESCRIPTION
• In this course, students will be introduced to the components of a power distribution
system
• Substation layouts, routing, distribution transformer configurations, earthing
requirements, load characteristics and their impact on the performance of distribution
networks will be elaborated.
• Different types of feeders, their voltage drop and power loss calculations, power factor
improvement techniques, voltage regulation and protection requirements in distribution
networks will be discussed in detail.
• The students will be introduced to micro grids and smart grids; the concepts of modern
distribution networks.
TENTATIVE PLAN BEFORE MID-TERM
Week Topics Readings & CLOs
Introduction of power distribution system.
Concept of load factor, factors affecting substation expansion, substation siting, types of Ch # 1 (Gonen)
1 (CLO1)
distribution networks (general overview)
Load Characteristics (Basic Definitions); Plant capacity and plant use factors, diversity factor, Ch # 2.1 (Gonen)
2 load diversity. & Class Notes
Problems related to computation of various types of factors (CLO1)
Load Characteristics (Basic Definitions); Demand factor, coincident and non-coincident
demands, feeder and laterals, contribution factor. Ch # 2.2, 2.3 (Gonen)
3 Load and loss factor, relationship between load and loss factor (CLO1)

Load Forecasting and Load Management; Forecast by historical trends and location, Box- Ch # 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 (Gonen)
4 Jenkins Method, small area load forecasting, Gompertz curve, spatial load forecasting. & Class Notes
Load management, customer billing, types of electrical metering (CLO1)

Types of distribution transformers, vector groups of distribution transformers, their key Ch # 3.1 to 3.7 (Gonen)
5 features, limitations and applications. & Class Notes
Single-end fed radial; double-end fed. Problems related to radial and double-end fed feeders. (CLO1)

Design of Sub-Transmission Lines and Distribution Substations; Sub-transmission lines, the Ch # 4.1 to 4.6 (Gonen)
6 rating of a distribution substation, (CLO1)

Substation service area with N primary feeders, percentage voltage drops for four and six- Ch # 4.7 to 4.11 (Gonen)
7 feeder patterns.
(CLO2)
Derivation of K-constant, interpretation of percent voltage drop formula.

Class Notes &

Voltage drop and power Loss calculations; Three-wire three-phase distribution system.
8 Percent power loss. Ch # 7.4 (Gonen)
(CLO2)
TENTATIVE PLAN POST MID-TERM
 Week  Topic Readings & CLOs 

Application of Capacitors to Distribution Systems; Series and shunt capacitors, power factor correction
Economic Justification of Capacitors; Benefits due to reduced energy losses, released generation capacity, Ch # 8.1 to 8.6 (Gonen)
9 released transmission energy, released distribution substation capacity, reduced voltage drop, released feeder (CLO2)
capacity

Series RL Circuit Transients, Three-Phase Short-Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine. Power System Class Notes
10 Three-Phase Short-Circuits. Fault Calculation Using Z bus­, selection of circuit breaker and fuses. (CLO3)

Definition of Symmetrical Components, Sequence circuits of Impedance Loads, Three-Phase Lines, Rotating Class Notes
11 Machines, Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers, Sequence Networks (CLO3)

Unsymmetrical Faults on Power Systems, Single Line-to-Ground Fault, Line-to-Line Fault. Double Line-to- Class Notes
12 Ground Faults Power in Sequence Networks, Unsymmetrical Series Impedances. (CLO3)

Ch # 4.16, 4.4 (Gonen)

Ground resistance, touch and step potentials, earthing materials, substation bus schemes (double-bus single
13 breaker, breaker-and-a-half scheme)
& Class Notes
(CLO3)

Distributed Generation and Renewable Energy; Impact of Dispersed Storage and Generation, Integrating
Ch # 13.3 to 13.8 (Gonen)
14 Renewables into Power Systems, Distributed Generation, Renewable Energy Penetration, Active Distribution
(CLO4)
Network, Concept of Microgrid

Concept of Smart Grid and Its Applications; Need for Establishment of Smart Grid, Roots of the Ch # 15 (Gonen)
Motivation for the Smart Grid, Distribution Automation, Active Distribution Networks, Supervisory
15 Control and Data Acquisition, Advanced SCADA Concepts, Evolution of Smart Grid, Future of a Smart
& Class Notes
(CLO4)
Grid
STRUCTURE OF A POWER SYSTEM
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

Transmission Line Transformer

Generator
Load
OVERALL POWER SYSTEM LAYOUT
STANDARD VOLTAGE LEVELS IN PAKISTAN
• Generation (Terminal Voltages @ Generator side): 6.6 kV, 11 kV, 13.2 kV, 22 kV
• Transmission:
• Primary Transmission Level
• HVDC: ±660 , ±750 kV
• HVAC: 500 , 220 , 750 kV
• Secondary Transmission Level
• 132 kV, 66 kV
• Distribution (11kV, 400 & 230 V)
• Primary Distribution Level (11 kV)
• Secondary Distribution Level (230 V L-N) feeding Consumer side.
Note:
• 660 kV: Lahore-Matiari Line (Transmission Capability of 4000 MW)
• 750 kV: CASA-1000 (Transmission Capability of 1000 MW)
• 33kV secondary transmission level is preferred in Hilly areas like Kashmir-Murree , due to its short tower
length and cost effectiveness, but now has been upgraded to 132 kV therefore, 33 kV is obsolete now.
COMPONENTS OF POWER SYSTEM
• Busbars
• Substation
• Switchgear

• Overhead Lines
• Cables

• Transformers
• Generators
• Loads
• EHV/HV Capacitor Banks/Reactors
IDENTIFY VARIOUS COMPONENTS?

Figure 1.11 (Adapted from Turan Gonen)

IMPORTANT TERMS
• Feeders

• Laterals

• Service Mains
REFERENCE

• Some of the data presented in Lec # 1 is general (adapted from PSS/E training slides provided by USAID)
• Chapter # 1 (Turan Gonen)