IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST

MARCIFULL AND THE BENIFICANT

PRESENTATION
TOPIC

PRINTERS
 GROUP MEMBERS
 ZOHAIB ASHIQ
07-MCT-03
 SHOAIB SIDDIQE
07-MCT-31
 AQEEL-UR-REHMAN
07-MCT-43
 PRINTERS
 One that prints, especially one whose occupation is printing.
 A device that prints text or graphics on paper.
 A device that converts computer output into printed images. Following is
an overview of the various technologies
 Device used to apply inked images of alphanumeric or other symbolic
characters to paper, or to duplicate an illustration; graphic design, or
photographic image on paper. A printer may be manually operated,
mechanically operated, or computer driven. There are many types of
printers that vary in terms of the way the image is created and the type
of paper and ink used. Some printers create a text image one character
at a time; others can reproduce one full page at a time of both text and
illustrations. Speed, quality, and cost also vary greatly. The best printer
for a job depends upon the type of image to be created, the level of
quality desired, and the speed required. See also gravure; impact printer;
ink-jet printer laser printer; lithography; press.
 computer output device that reproduces data on paper or another
medium.
 TERMS RELATING PRINTERS
 A printer can be:
 Printer (publisher), a
company or person who
operates a printing press
 Computer printer, a
computer peripheral that
reproduces text and/or
pictures
 Optical printer, a device
to copy and/or modify
images on motion picture
film General Categories
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 TYPES OF PRINTERS
 There are two major types of printer

 Impact printers
 Nonimpact printers
 IMPACT PRINTER
 Impact - These printers have a mechanism that
touches the paper in order to create an image.
 Impact printers use a mechanical hammering
device to produce each character. A formed
character printer forces metal or plastic
characters against an inked ribbon to produce a
sharp image on paper; the characters may be on
a moving bar, a rapidly rotating chain, a
rotatable ball, or wheel spokes.
 TYPES OF IMPACT PRINTER
 DOT MATRIX PRINTER
 DRUM PRINTER
 CHARACTER PRINTER
 LINE PRINTER
 SERIAL PRINTER
 LINE MATRIX
 SERIAL DOT PRINTER
 BAND PRINTER
 PAGE PRINTER
 NONIMPACT PRINTER
 Nonimpact printers use thermal and electrostatic, rather than
mechanical, techniques. Ink-jet printers, including bubble-jet
printers, squirt heated ink through a matrix of holes to form
characters or images. Laser printers form an image of the output on
a selenium-coated drum using laser light that is turned on and off
by data from the computer and then transfer the output from the
drum using photocopying techniques. Thermal-wax-transfer printers
and dye-sublimation printers use heat to transfer color pigment
from a ribbon to a special paper to produce photographic-quality
color images. Nonimpact printers are quieter than impact printers
and produce higher quality output, especially of graphics, but at a
greater cost per page. These printers do not touch the paper when
creating an image. Inkjet printers are part of this group, which
include
 TYPES OF NONIMPACT PRINTER
 Inkjet printers
 Laser printers
 Laser & LED Printer
 IRIS Printer
 Solid Ink Printer
 Electron Beam Imaging Printer
 Thermal Wax Transfer & Dye Sublimation Printer
 Dot matrix sensitive printer
 Direct Thermal Printer
 Electrostatic Printer
 Out of all of these incredible
technologies, inkjet printers
and laser printer are by far
the most popular. In fact, the
only approach to describe the
field MECHATRONICS.
.
 PRINCIPLE OF LASER PRINTER
 The term laser printer, is a
bit more mysterious -- how
can a laser beam, a highly
focused beam of light, write
letters and draw pictures on
paper?
 In this article, we'll unravel the
mystery behind the laser
printer, tracing a page's path
from the characters on your
computer screen to printed
letters on paper. As it turns
out, the laser printing process
is based on some very basic
scientific principles applied in
an exceptionally innovative
way.
 Basics steps describe the
function of laser printer
 1. The Basics: Static Electricity
 2. The Basics: Drum
 3. The Basics: Fuser
 4. The Controller: The Conversation
 5. The Controller: The Language
 6. The Controller: Setting up the Page
 7. The Laser Assembly
 8. Writing the Page
 9. Toner Basics
 10. Applying Toner
 11. Color Printers
 BASIC STATIC ELECTRICTY
 energy that makes clothes in the dryer
stick togThe primary principle at work
in a laser printer is static electricity,
the same ether or a lightning bolt
travel from a thundercloud to the
ground. Static electricity is simply an
electrical charge built up on an
insulated object, such as a balloon
or your body. Since oppositely charged
atoms are attracted to each other,
objects with opposite static electricity
fields cling togetherlaser printer uses
this phenomenon as a sort of
"temporary glue." The core component
of this system is the photoreceptor,
typically a revolving drum or cylinder.
This drum assembly is made out of
highly photoconductive material that
is discharged by light photons.
 BASIC COMPONENT OF LASER
PRINTER
 wire, a wire with an electrical
current running through it.
(Some printers use a charged
roller instead of a corona
wire, but the principle is the
same.) As the drum revolves,
the printer shines a tiny laser
beam across the surface to
discharge certain points. In
this way, the laser "draws" the
letters and images to be
printed as a pattern of
electrical charges -- an
electrostatic image. The
system can also work with the
charges reversed -- that is, a
positive electrostatic image on
a negative background.
 TONER
 After the pattern is set, the printer coats the drum with positively
charged toner -- a fine, black powder. Since it has a positive
charge, the toner clings to the negative discharged areas of the
drum, but not to the positively charged "background." This is
something like writing on a soda can with glue and then rolling it
over some flour: The flour only sticks to the glue-coated part of the
can, so you end up with a message written in powder.
 With the powder pattern affixed, the drum rolls over a sheet of
paper, which is moving along a belt below. Before the paper rolls
under the drum, it is given a negative charge by the transfer
corona wire (charged roller). This charge is stronger than the
negative charge of the electrostatic image, so the paper can pull the
toner powder away. Since it is moving at the same speed as the
drum, the paper picks up the image pattern exactly. To keep the
paper from clinging to the drum, it is discharged by the detac
corona wire immediately after picking up the toner.
 The Basics: Drum
The Controller: The
Conversation
 Before a laser printer can do anything
else, it needs to receive the page data
and figure out how it's going to put
everything on the paper. This is the
job of the printer controller.
 The printer controller is the laser
A typical laser printer has a few different types of communications
printer's main onboard computer.ports. It
talks to the host computer (for
example, your PC) through a
communications port, such as a
parallel port or USB port. At the start
of the printing job, the laser printer
establishes with the host computer
how they will exchange data. The
controller may have to start and stop
the host computer periodically to
process the information it has
received.
 THE BASICS:FUSER
the printer passes the paper
through the fuser, a pair of
heated rollers. As the paper
passes through these rollers,
the loose toner powder melts,
fusing with the fibers in the
paper. The fuser rolls the
paper to the output tray, and
you have your finished page.
The fuser also heats up the
paper itself, of course, which is
why pages are always hot
when they come out of a laser
printer or photocopier.
 So what keeps the paper from
burning up? Mainly, speed --
the paper passes thr
 The Controller: The Language

 For the printer controller and the host computer to communicate, they need to speak the same
page description language. In earlier printers, the computer sent a special sort of text file and
a simple code giving the printer some basic formatting information. Since these early printers had
only a few fonts, this was a very straightforward process.
 These days, you might have hundreds of different fonts to choose from, and you wouldn't think
twice about printing a complex graphic. To handle all of this diverse information, the printer
needs to speak a more advanced language.
 The primary printer languages these days are Hewlett Packard's Printer Command Language
(PCL) and Adobe's Postscript. Both of these languages describe the page in vector form -- that
is, as mathematical values of geometric shapes, rather than as a series of dots (a bitmap
image). The printer itself takes the vector images and converts them into a bitmap page. With
this system, the printer can receive elaborate, complex pages, featuring any sort of font or
image. Also, since the printer creates the bitmap image itself, it can use its maximum printer
resolution.
 Some printers use a graphical device interface (GDI) format instead of a standard PCL. In this
system, the host computer creates the dot array itself, so the controller doesn't have to process
anything -- it just sends the dot instructions on to the laser.
 But in most laser printers, the controller must organize all of the data it receives from the host
computer. This includes all of the commands that tell the printer what to do -- what paper to
use, how to format the page, how to handle the font, etc. For the controller to work with this
data, it has to get it in the right order.
 The Controller: Setting up the
Page
 Once the data is structured, the controller begins putting
the page together. It sets the text margins, arranges the
words and places any graphics. When the page is
arranged, the raster image processor (RIP) takes the
page data, either as a whole or piece by piece, and
breaks it down into an array of tiny dots. As we'll see in
the next section, the printer needs the page in this form
so the laser can write it out on the photoreceptor drum.
 In most laser printers, the controller saves all print-job
data in its own memory. This lets the controller put
different printing jobs into a queue so it can work
through them one at a time. It also saves time when
printing multiple copies of a document, since the host
computer only has to send the data once
 laser scanning assembly
 The traditional laser scanning
assembly includes:
 A laser
 A movable mirror
 A lens
 The laser receives the page data -- the
tiny dots that make up the text and
images -- one horizontal line at a time.
As the beam moves across the drum,
the laser emits a pulse of light for
every dot to be printed, and no pulse
for every dot of empty space. The
laser doesn't actually move the beam
itself. It bounces the beam off a
movable mirror instead. As the mirror
moves, it shines the beam through a
series of lenses. This system
compensates for the image distortion
caused by the varying distance
between the mirror and points along
the drum
 WRITING THE PAGE
 The laser assembly moves in only one plane,
horizontally. After each horizontal scan, the printer
moves the photoreceptor drum up a notch so the laser
assembly can draw the next line. A small print-engine
computer synchronizes all of this perfectly, even at
dizzying speeds.
 Some laser printers use a strip of light emitting
diodes (LEDs) to write the page image, instead of a
single laser. Each dot position has its own dedicated
light, which means the printer has one set print
resolution. These systems cost less to manufacture than
true laser assemblies, but they produce inferior results.
Typically, you'll only find them in less expensive printers.
COMPARISION B/W PHOTOCOPIER &
LASER
 Laser printers work the same basic way as photocopiers, with a few
significant differences. The most obvious difference is the source of
the image: A photocopier scans an image by reflecting a bright light
off of it, while a laser printer receives the image in digital form.
 Another major difference is how the electrostatic image is created.
When a photocopier bounces light off a piece of paper, the light
reflects back onto the photoreceptor from the white areas but is
absorbed by the dark areas. In this process, the "background" is
discharged, while the electrostatic image retains a positive charge.
This method is called "write-white."
 In most laser printers, the process is reversed: The laser discharges
the lines of the electrostatic image and leaves the background
positively charged. In a printer, this "write-black" system is easier to
implement than a "write-white" system, and it generally produces
better results.
 THE TONER BASICS
 One of the most distinctive things about a
laser printer (or photocopier) is the toner.
It's such a strange concept for the paper to
grab the "ink" rather than the printer
applying it. And it's even stranger that the
"ink" isn't really ink at all.
 So what is toner? The short answer is: It's
an electrically-charged powder with two
main ingredients: pigment and plastic.
 The role of the pigment is fairly obvious -- it
provides the coloring (black, in a
monochrome printer) that fills in the text
and images. This pigment is blended into
plastic particles, so the toner will melt when
it passes through the heat of the fuser. This
quality gives toner a number of advantages
over liquid ink. Chiefly, it firmly binds to the
fibers in almost any type of paper, which
means the text won't smudge or bleed
easily.
 APPLING TONER
 So how does the printer apply this
toner to the electrostatic image on the
drum? The powder is stored in the
toner hopper, a small container built
into a removable casing. The printer
gathers the toner from the hopper
with the developer unit. The
"developer" is actually a collection of
small, negatively charged magnetic
beads. These beads are attached to a
rotating metal roller, which moves
them through the toner in the toner
hopper.
 Because they are negatively charged,
the developer beads collect the
positive toner particles as they pass
through. The roller then brushes the
beads past the drum assembly. The
electrostatic image has a stronger
negative charge than the developer
beads, so the drum pulls the toner
particles away.
 COLOUR PRINTING
 Initially, most commercial laser
printers were limited to
monochrome printing (black
writing on white paper). But
now, there are lots of color
laser printers on the market.
 Essentially, color printers work
the same way as monochrome
printers, except they go
through the entire printing
process four times -- one pass
each for cyan (blue), magenta
(red), yellow and black. By
combining these four colors of
toner in varying proportions,
you can generate the full
spectrum of color.
 working principle of ink jet
printer
 Thermal bubble - Used by  Piezoelectric
manufacturers such as Canon and  in this technology uses piezo
Hewlett Packard, this method is crystals. A crystal is located at
commonly referred to as bubble the back of the ink reservoir of
jet. In a thermal inkjet printer, each nozzle. The crystal receives a
tiny resistors create heat, and this tiny electric charge that causes it
heat vaporizes ink to create a to vibrate. When the crystal
bubble. As the bubble expands, vibrates inward, it forces a tiny
some of the ink is pushed out of a amount of ink out of the nozzle.
nozzle onto the paper. When the When it vibrates out, it pulls some
bubble "pops" (collapses), a more ink into the reservoir to
vacuum is created. This pulls more replace the ink sprayed
ink into the print head from the 
cartridge. A typical bubble jet print
head has 300 or 600 tiny nozzles,
and all of them can fire a droplet
simultaneously
View of the nozzles on a thermal
bubble inkjet print head
 THE END