01

ASSOSA UNIVERSITY
FUNDAMENTAL OF
CEng3094
ARCHITECTURE
Prepared by Abenezer G.
(Arch)
02

Introduction to Architecture
 What is Architecture?

 Fundamental Principles of architecture.

 Elements of Architecture.

 Codes and minimum requirements.

 03

WHAT IS
ARCHITECTURE
FOR YOU?
• What is Architecture?
Fundamental Principles of architecture.

Elements of Architecture.
 04 WHAT IS
ARCHITECTURE?
A general term to describe buildings and other
structures.

 The art and science of:-

-designing and erecting buildings
-creating define space or spaces
 The manner in which the elements of a
building design are arranged or organized.
A style and method of design and
construction of buildings and other physical
structures.
 ARCHITECTU
05
Architecture is the unavoidable art
It is also known as a visual history… some say Architecture is ‘Living
History’
Our architecture has so many stories to tell about us.
our personality and our culture is reflected in the shelter we build.
 ARCHITECTURE
06

Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and

constructing form and space that reflect functional, technical with aesthetic
considerations

Architecture sometimes refers to the activity of designing any kind of system and
the term is common in the information technology world.
07

What is
Art,
Science
and
Design?
 What is
08
Art ?
•A creative human activity in which materials are shaped
to convey an idea, emotion, or visually interesting form.
• The use of skill and imagination in the creation of
aesthetic objects or experiences that can be shared with
others.
Divided into two
• Fine Art: Painting, Sculpture, Music & Poetry
• Decorative Art: pottery, weaving, metalworking, and
furniture making.
 What is
02
Science ?
•The systematic observation of natural events and
conditions
•to discover facts about them and
•to formulate laws and principles based on these facts

•Divided into two

•Natural Science: physics, biology, chemistry
•Social Science: like sociology, economics, geography
•No creativity but based on research and discovery
 What is
09 Design?

• A rational, logical, sequential process

intended to solve problems

• Involves making a detailed plan of the form

or structure of something

• Emphasizing features such as its

appearance, convenience, durability and
economy.
 10

• Then Architecture is a discipline which

uses art and science knowledge

and skill to create, improve and
restore habitable structures
specially buildings.
 11 Architect...?

Professional who plan, design and review the construction

of buildings and structures for the use of people.
A creative endeavor to solve a problem
coordinate and integrate engineering design, which has as
its primary objective the creative manipulation of materials
and forms using mathematical and scientific principles.
The work of the architect is the result of the architect’s
interpretation of the program in relation to the client’s
budget, the building’s site, and the availability of materials
and structural technology.”
 Architecture and Other
12 Related Disciplines
• Task of designer is to change

• Client Needs to Concepts to Building Image

• Three parties involve in realization of Client Needs

Client Design Team Construction Team

• Idea • Architect ( Coordinator)

• Needs UP TO
• Money • Surveyor & Geologist
• Structural Engineer
• Electrical Engineer
• Mechanical Engineer
• Sanitary Engineer
 Architecture and Other
13 Related Disciplines

• Design isn't a single professional task

• It is important to know other related

disciplines including
• Urban Planning & Design
• Civil Engineering
• Electrical & Mechanical Engineering
• Sanitary Engineering
 Architecture and Other
14 Related Disciplines

Urban Planning
•the organization of all elements of a town.
•dealt with land use and the physical arrangement of city
structures taking into consideration economical, social,
physical environmental, administrative, historical…. Aspects

•urban planning document related to Architecture contains

•zoning ordinances like residential, commercial zone
•subdivision regulations like plot size
•building and housing codes like height limitation
 Architecture and Other
15 Related Disciplines

Urban Engineering
• the application of science ( specially physics,
math's and chemistry) in the design of urban
infrastructure like
• Urban Houses and related buildings

• Urban Roads & Bridge

• Urban Water Supply,

• Urban Drainage & Sewerage System

 Architecture and Other
16 Related Disciplines

Urban Design

• Before 1960s: Architecture & UP were the

same

• After 1960s, split into

• UP: focus on land use pattern & organization of
services & infrastructure
• Architecture : focus on design of buildings

• Gap is created: who is responsible for public spaces

• Urban design is the art & science of design of public

spaces
 Architecture and Other
17 Related Disciplines
Civil Engineering
• Practical application of science and math in the
design of structures like road, bridge, dam etc.

• Building components
• Architectural: non supporting & space
defining: walls, windows
• Structural : supporting like foundation, beam,
column, slab

• Civil (Structural) Engineer

• design structural parts of a building
 Architecture and Other
18 Related Disciplines
Electrical Engineering

• design and manufacture of systems and

devices that use electric power and signals

• Building components includes electrical

system
• switches, sockets, light points, water pump

• Electrical Engineer
• design the electrical system of a building
 Architecture and Other
19 Related Disciplines

Mechanical Engineering

• design and manufacture all types of

machineries

• building also include mechanical systems like

• elevators, escalators, heating, cooling, ventilating
systems

• Mechanical Engineer
• designs the mechanical systems of a building
 Architecture and Other
20 Related Disciplines

Sanitary Engineering

• design of water supply , drainage and

sewerage system

• in a building
• we need water and swear will be produced

• Sanitary Engineer
• designs the water supply, sewerage and drainage
system of a building and its compound
 Architecture and Other
21 Related Disciplines
Other Disciplines

• in a design of advanced buildings like

museums, cinemas, meeting halls, hotels
other disciples may involve
• Light Engineer

• Acoustics Engineer

• Interior Architect

• Landscape Architect etc.

 Elements and
22 PrinciplesOf Architecture

What is Architecture?

• Fundamental Principles of

architecture. Elements of Architecture.

Codes and minimum requirements

 Elements and
23 PrinciplesOf Architecture

Design is basically reduced to elements of art.

And these elements are placed

under the rules or principles of design.

So, design is the organization of the elements of art

according to the laws or principles of design.

[Please note that the use of the word design is

synonymous with the words layout, composition, or work
of art.]
24 Elements and PrinciplesOf Architecture
Elements : Principles :
Design Elements Design Principles
• Balance
• Line
• Rhythm
• Color • Emphasis
• Form and Shape
• Proportion and scale
• Space • Movement
• Texture • Contrast
• Value
• Unity

These are like the “rules of grammar”; they form

These are considered to the guidelines that Architect or a designer follow
be the “grammar” of art when they combine the various elements of
 Elements and
25 PrinciplesOf Architecture

Elements :
Visual Design Elements
Line
In nature you can In a curving river
Everywhere you look, you see lines see lines in tree
branches:

Edges of buildings: Or in a spiders web

 Elements and Elements :
26 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

Line

an actual or implied mark, path, mass, or

edge, where length is dominant

It can be: straight, curved, vertical, horizontal,

jagged, or dotted
 Elements and Elements :
27 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

As you have seen, lines can have many qualities:

They can be: curved or straight

Vertical horizontal diagonal

Thick or thin smooth or rough

Lightor dark and continuous or broken

 Elements and Elements :
28 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

In artworks,
straight lines generally suggest directness or clarity while
curving lines imply gentleness or movement.

Vertical lines can give an artwork strength while

horizontal lines convey calmness and serenity.

Diagonal lines convey action and energy think of a lightening bolt or a falling tree.

Very Thick Lines appear strong while

A Thin Line appears weak or delicate.

Fuzzy lines imply softness while smooth lines imply harder surfaces.
repeated lines can create patterns, textures and even rhythms.
 Elements and Elements :
29 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

Community Christian Church

Kansas City, MO
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright, 1940
Brandenburg Gate
Berlin

The Empire State Building

Architect: Shreve, Lamb,
and Harmon
Sydney Opera House
Jorn Utzon
 Elements and Elements :
30 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

Color

Color is everywhere. In our clothes, the sky,

trees, flowers, billboards designed to attract
our attention, on the web and on television.

There are literally thousands of colors; from

bright to dull (intensity) and light to dark
(value). Colors are powerful;

color can make objects seem to glow, to come

forward and recede, or to appear bigger or
smaller.
 Elements and Elements :
31 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

Color

Color is a property of light.

When we say an object is red, we mean
that its surface absorbs certain
wavelengths of light that we call red, we
identify the object as red in color.

If all wavelengths of light are absorbed, we

identify the color as black,

if all wavelengths of color are reflected,

we see white.
 Elements and Elements :
32 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

Color

Color has 3 characteristics:

hue, value and intensity.

Hue is actually the color we see such as red.

Value refers to the lightness and darkness of a hue. For

example, maroon is a dark value (shade) of red and
pink is a light value (tint) of red.

Intensity range from bright to dull

 Elements and Elements :
33 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

Red, Yellow and Blue are called

Primary colors and are used to create the rest of the colors on the
color wheel.

When you mix two primary colors together, you get a

Secondary color. These colors are Orange (yellow and red), Green
(blue and yellow) and violet (red and blue)

And when you mix a primary and a secondary color together you
get

Tertiary color. These are yellow-green, yellow-orange, red-orange,

red-violet, blue-violet and blue-green
 Elements and Elements :
34 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

• Form and Shape

Shape

Shape is a 2-dimensional object (it is flat) It has height and

width but no depth. Shapes can be either geometric or
organic.

Geometric shapes ---circles, squares and rectangles---are

regular and precise. They can be measured.

Organic shapes are irregular---seashells, leaves, flowers, etc.

 Elements and Elements :
35 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

• Form and Shape

Form

A form is 3-Dimensional. It has height, width and

depth. As with shapes, Forms can be regular and
precise or irregular and organic.

3-D art, such as sculptures, architecture and crafts, is

composed of forms. In 2-D art, artists can only create
the illusion of form.
.
 Elements and Elements :
36 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

• Space

Space is the area provided for a particular

purpose. It may have two dimensions (length
and width), such as a floor, or it may have
three dimensions (length, width, and height).
Space includes the background, foreground
and middle ground. Space refers to the
distances or areas around, between or within
components of a piece.
 Elements and Elements :
37 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

Texture

Texture is the tactile quality of a surface, such as rough,

smooth, sticky, fuzzy, soft or slick.

Like line, texture can be real or implied.

A real texture is one that can be felt, such as a piece of

sandpaper, a woven mat, or animal fur. In an artwork, real
texture can be created through thickly applied paint, glossy
glazes, and gluing objects to the surface
.
Implied texture is an illusion of texture created by an artist.
As you can see below, this artist created a sense of smooth
water and prickly grass.
 Elements and Elements :
38 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

Texture

Smooth Surface – Reflects more light and Exterior metal façade of

Glass façade of a high
therefore is a more intense color. Disney Concert Hall
rise office building
Los Angeles
Rough Surface – Absorbs more light and
therefore appears darker.

Rough Texture
 Elements and Elements :
39 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Elements

• Value

Value refers to the lightness and darkness of a

color. Value is commonly known as “shading”
TINTS ORIGINAL SHADES
of an object. COR
A value scale, such as this one, can
show the full range of a color. This is
accomplished by adding black to a
color to make shades or adding white to
a color to make tints.
Accomplished artists know, that to
make a drawing look as real as possible,
they must show a full value range in
their artwork
 Elements and
40 PrinciplesOf Architecture

Principles :

Visual Design Principles

 Elements and Principles :
41 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles

balance

• Parts of the design are equally distributed

to create a sense of stability. Both physical
and visual balance exist. Types
• Symmetrical or formal balance
• Asymmetrical or informal balance
• Radial balance
• Vertical balance
• Horizontal balance
 Elements and Principles :
42 PrinciplesOf Architecture Types
Visual Design Principles
• Symmetrical or formal balance
• Asymmetrical or informal balance
Symmetrical or formal balance
• Radial balance
• Vertical balance
• Equal distribution of similar
• Horizontal balance
elements of design about an axis

• one is a mirror reflection of the other

 Elements and Principles :
43 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles
Types
• Symmetrical or formal balance
Asymmetrical or informal balance • Asymmetrical or informal balance
• Radial balance
Parts of the design are not identical but are equal • Vertical balance
in visual weight. • Horizontal balance

Chateau de Chaumont
Saone-et-Loire, France
 Elements and Principles :
44 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles
Types
• Symmetrical or formal balance
Radial balance • Asymmetrical or informal balance
• Radial balance
Design elements equally radiate from a center • Vertical balance
• Horizontal balance

Dresden Frauenkirche Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II

Deresden, Germany Milan, Italy
Architect: Giuseppe Mengoni
 Elements and Principles :
45 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles
Types
• Symmetrical or formal balance
Vertical balance • Asymmetrical or informal balance
• Radial balance
The top and bottom parts are equal • Vertical balance
• Horizontal balance
 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles
Types
• Symmetrical or formal balance
Horizontal balance • Asymmetrical or informal balance
• Radial balance
The parts on the left and right sides are equal. • Vertical balance
• Horizontal balance
 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles

Rhythm

• Repeated use of design elements in

composition
• moves our eye through a composition
• creates a movement in composition Types
• Regular rhythm
• Graduated rhythm
• Random rhythm
 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles
Types
• Regular rhythm
• Graduated rhythm
• Random rhythm

Rhythm

• Regular rhythm

• An element is repeated at the same

repetition/interval each time.
 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles
Types
• Regular rhythm
• Graduated rhythm
• Random rhythm
Rhythm

• Graduated rhythm

• The beats of the element become closer

or further apart as they move
 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles
Types
• Regular rhythm
• Graduated rhythm
Rhythm • Random rhythm

• Random rhythm

• elements are repeated at irregular interval

 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles

Emphasis ( Focal Point)

• introducing an element that

attracts the viewer interest

• Emphasis can be achieved

through size, placement, shape,
color, and/or use of lines
 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles

Proportion and scale

Proportion

• size relationship among

elements in a
composition • Un proportional

Each element isn’t too large

or too small for the other
 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles

Proportion and scale

scale

• the relationship of an
object with a designated
standard such as a
building or a person
Not scaled
 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles

Movement

• Movement is the path our eyes follow when we

look at a
work of art. The purpose of movement is to create
unity in the artwork with eye travel. This can be
achieved by using repetition, rhythm, and action.
 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles

Contrast
• introducing elements which have
distinctive characters with the rest
elements of composition
Can be created with

• Color
• Proportion and scale
• Shape
• Texture
• Etc.
 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles

Contrast

• variety is a spices of life

• too much repetition is boring
 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles

Contrast /variety

• variety breaks monotony

• variety pleases an eye
 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles

Unity/Harmony

• Linking & blending design

elements in composition
• pleasing relation among elements
will be created
 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles

Unity/Harmony

• can be achieved through

consistent use of :
• color, texture, material, form, line,
shape
 Codes and
46 minimum
requirements

What is Architecture?

Fundamental Principles of architecture.

Elements of Architecture.

• Codes and minimum requirements

 Elements and Principles :
46 PrinciplesOf Architecture Visual Design Principles

Terms
•Architect - One who has completed a course of study in building and design, and is licensed by
the state as an architect. One who draws up plans.
•Construction Contract - A legal document which specifies the what-when-where-how-how
much and by whom in a construction project.
•Contractor- A company licensed to perform certain types of construction activities(General
contractor - responsible for the execution, supervision and overall coordination of a project and
may also perform some of the individual construction tasks).
•Sub contractor - a general or specialty contractor who works for another general contractor.
•Engineer- a person who is trained as a professional to design, build, or maintains engines,
machines, or structures.
•Engineering-the application of science in the design, planning, construction, and maintenance
of buildings, machines, and other manufactured things.
 Codes and
Codes and laws
46 minimum
requirements

• A building code፡-is a set of rules that specify

the minimum acceptable level of safety for
constructed objects such as buildings and non
building structures.
• The main purpose of building codes፡-
to protect public health safety and general welfare
as they relate to the construction and occupancy of
buildings and structures
 Codes and
Codes and laws
46 minimum
requirements
Building codes generally include:-
 Fire code rules to ensure safe evacuation in the event of a fire
 Requirements for earthquake, hurricane, flood, especially in disaster prone areas or for
very large buildings where a failure would be catastrophic
 Drainage, green space, and fence-building rules
 Requirements for specific building uses (for example, storage of flammable substances, or
housing a large number of people)
 Energy provisions and consumption
 Rules regarding parking and traffic impact
Specifications on components
 Allowable installation methodologies
 Minimum and maximum room and exit sizes and location
 Qualification of individuals or corporations doing the work
 For high structures, anti-collision markers for the benefit of aircraft
 Codes and
Codes and laws
46 minimum
requirements
Minimum requirements
 Room height :- 2.70
 Any room side width should not be less than 2 meter
 A minimum width a corridor is 1.2meter
 5m*3m is enough for small car parking
 A room should have a minimum of 1.5m set back from side building and 1m if it is
blind wall.
 Fire exit stair should not be far from 15m.
 Ramp for humans -6%(max)
 Ramp for cars – 12%-15%(max).
 Codes and
Codes and laws
46 minimum
requirements
LAND USE
land use;-zoning code (restrictions)
 Minimum site area requirements
 commercial, industrial residential
etc.
 Building height limits
 Set back requirements
 Lot coverage
- floor area ratio(far)
- open space requirements
 Codes and
Codes and laws
46 minimum
requirements

THANK
YOU!!!
 Codes and
Codes and laws
46 minimum
requirements

QUIZ
 Codes and
Codes and laws
46 minimum
requirements

1. what is architecture? who is an

architect?
2. list down elements of architecture?
3. list down the five design principles?
4. what is the use of building code?