Chapter 4

CDPD :emerging of mobile network service

Introduction OSI protocols

Underlying technology The OSI Reference Model
 digital data transmission  Network protocols
 Application layer protocols
 radio technology
 Mobility management
 Packetization
 Mobile network registration protocol
 Channel hopping  Mobile network location protocol
 Packet switching
Information protection
Application of CDPD CDPD network backbone
CDPD services  Mobile end system protocol
Equipment requirements  Transparent operation
Potential Data paths
Network architecture and protocols
Sending data from or to a mobile unit
CDPD network architecture  Registration
 Mobile data intermediate systems  Redirect procedure
 Mobile data base systems
 Mobile end systems Is there a Mass market for CDPD
1
CDPD is a data-over-cellular standard for providing LAN-like service over
cellular voice networks. In tr od uctio n

CDPD works based on digital modulation and signal processing techniques,

but it is still an analog transmission.
 CDPD infrastructure employees existing cellular systems to access a
backbone router network using IP to transport user data.
 E.g. Personal digital assistants, palmtops, and laptops running applications
and uses IP to connect to the CDPD service and gain access to other mobile
computer users
 d/t company investment billion dollar( $ )in the cellular infrastructure b/c
,carriers can economically support data applications and avoid the cost of
implementing a completely new network.
 CDPD offers a transmission rate that is four times faster than wide area
wireless services having transmission rate 4.8Kbps or lower. 2
 use dialup modems to access the cellular network
CDPD is a packet-switched technology that relies on wireless modems to send
CD P D fu n d am en ta ls

data at a speed of 19.2K b/s.

 Although, CDPD piggybacks on top of the cellular voice infrastructure, it does
not suffer from the 3-KHz limit on voice transmissions.
 It uses the entire 30-KHz radio frequency (RF) channel during idle times
between voice calls.
Using the entire channel, CDPD's faster and more reliable data transmission.
Underlying Technologies
CDPD is blend of digital data transmission, radio technology, packetization,
channel hopping, and packet switching.
 This technology use cellular network carry the 1s and 0s of binary digital code
more reliably over cellular voice networks.
3
 It is reliable and more resistant to radio interference than analog transmission
technology. Dig ital Transm issio nTech nolo gy

 The digital signals are broken down into a finite set of bits, rather than transmitted in a
continuous waveform.
 When signal corruption occurs, error-detection logic at the receiving end can
reconstruct the corrupted digital signal using error correction algorithms.
 Enables processing techniques that compensate for signal fades without requiring any
increase in power.
 Digital Cellular Radio Technology
 used for transmitting data between the user's mobile unit and the carrier's base
station.
 Packetization
 Packetization divides the data into discrete packets of information before transmission
 commonly used in wide area and local computer networks.
 Contains addressing information, each packet includes information that allows the data to be
reassembled in the proper order at the receiving end and corrected if necessary 4
 it is automatically searches out idle channel times between cellular voice calls
 Packets of data select available cellular channels and go out in short bursts without
Cha nnel H oppi ng

interfering with voice communications.

 Alternatively, cellular carriers may also dedicate voice channels for CDPD traffic
 Packet Switching
 Using the Internet protocol (IP), accepts data packets from multiple users at many
different cell sites and routes them to the next appropriate router on the network
 Applications for CDPD
 The wireless-industry association that funded on development of the CDPD
specification includes Ameritech Cellular, Bell Atlantic Mobile, Contel Cellular
Southwestern Bell Mobile system etc.
 Three principles guided their efforts:
 emerging CDPD recommendations could be deployed rapidly,
 economically, and conjunction with technology already available in marketplace. 5
 Applications for CDPD
 The consortium's stated objectives include:
 Ensuring compatibility with existing data networks.
 Supporting multiple network protocols.
 Exerting minimum impact on end systems and existing applications should
operate with little or no modification.
 Preserving vendor independence.
 Ensuring interoperability among service providers without cooperating their
ability to differentiate offerings with service and feature enhancements.
 Allowing subscribers to roam between serving areas.
 Protecting subscribers from eavesdropping
 Emerging Class of Remote Users
 CDPD allows traditional wireline networks to reach a new class of remote user: the
roaming mobile client.
 Establishment of a wireless link to the cellular carrier‘s CDPD network, remote users
can operate the terminals as if they were located on the desktop in a branch office.6
 Applications for CDPD
 E.g. Mobile workers can regain much of the productivity they lose while away being
from their main offices but using CDPD to send and receive E-mail from computers.
 Another application is a debit card. Commuters could purchase a debit card to run
through a card-reading device on a bus or another transit system and the fee would be
deducted automatically from the card's total.
 That fare information could be transmitted to a central processing center in less than a
second for just a few cents.
 CDPD could also be used by service providers to monitor and control devices such
as traffic lights, alarm systems, and automated teller machines
 Service Pricing
 As overlay to the existing analog cellular infrastructure, CDPD networks are
easy and economical for carriers to set up and operate.
 Carriers estimate that it costs only 5% over the initial cost of a cell site to
upgrade to CDPD. Cell sites typically cost about $1 million to set up, including
the cost of real estate. 7
 Service Pricing …
 Users are the beneficiaries of CDPD's economies and efficiencies.
 For many applications, initial CDPD service pricing is competitive with the
proprietary analog wireless services of ARDIS and RAM Mobile Data.
 CDPD is also best for transaction-oriented applications.
 Benefits to Mobile Users
 CDPD uses the existing voice-oriented cellular network and off-the-shelf hardware
for implementation is cost-effective.
 However, additional benefits to users besides economy are :
 Efficiency
 CDPD transmits both voice conversations and data messages using the same
cellular equipment.
 Using a single device, it is a versatile and efficient way to communicate.
 The digital data does not disrupt or degrade voice traffic, and vice versa.
8
 Benefits to Mobile Users …
 Speed. having a maximum channel speed of 19.2K b/s a four-fold increase over
competing mobile radio technologies
 CDPD is the fastest wireless technology available on the WAN
 Security encryption and authentication procedures built into the specification
 CDPD offers more robust security than any other native wireless data
transmission method, preventing casual eavesdropping
 As wireline networks, users can also customize their own end-to-end security
 Openness.
 CDPD is an open, nonproprietary standard, it promotes low equipment costs and
broad availability of hardware and software.
 Flexibility
 it uses existing cellular radio technology
 CDPD units are capable of transmitting data over both packet- and circuit-
switched networks
 allowing applications to use the best method of communication 9
 Benefits to Mobile Users …
 Reliability CDPD uses existing equipment on the network (i.e. Routers), as well as
time-tested protocols based on TCP/IP
 the highest quality of wireless data service is assured.
 CDPD also provides excellent penetration within buildings.
 Worldwide Reach.
 CDPD can be used in conjunction with existing cellular systems around the
world
 it serves 85% of the world's cellular users.
 B/c CDPD allows the network to operate more efficiently by providing digital
packet data over the voice network, carriers also realize maximum flexibility,
simplified operations and maintenance, and cost savings.
 Carriers can offer enhanced messaging services such as multicast, cellular
paging, and national short-text messaging
 CDPD allows portable access to a variety of information services
 CDPD extends client/server-based applications from the LAN environment into 10
the wireless arena.
 Equipment Requirements
 CDPD Modem:
 It Includes wireless antenna and modem that provides compatibility with network.
 It can be internal or external
 The existing cellular modems cannot be used on CDPD-based networks.
 Modems designed for CDPD networks are larger and more expensive than designed
for circuit cellular
 E.g. CDPD-only modems cost about $500,modems that handle both CDPD and
circuit cellular run about $1,000.
 When the cost of CDPD modems drops to the $200 range, expense will no longer be
a barrier.
 Network Architecture and Protocols
 The CDPD specification defines all the components and communications protocols
necessary to support mobile communications.
11
 Network Architecture
 CDPD network is designed to operate as a peer multiprotocol, connectionless network
that can operate as an extension of the existing data communications networks.
 The CDPD network is planned as an internetwork composed of multiple service provider
domains.
 Each service provider domain can be constructed by interconnecting intermediate
systems or routers.
 The network components are:
 Intermediate system (IS) routers;
 Mobile data-intermediate system (MD-IS), which performs mobility management for
the network;
 Mobile data base station (MDBS), which is the RF to landline relay;
 Mobile-end system (M-ES), which is the subscriber device;
 Fixed-end system (F-ES), which is comprised of the hosts attached to the landline
network;
 Network servers, which are value-added network service application systems
12
 Network Architecture …
 Single CDPD service provider’s network

 Intermediate Systems(IS)
 allow for a network relay function that enables communication between any pair of
end systems
 The network relay function, receives datagrams from one correspondent network
entity and forwards it to another correspondent network entity
 ISs route CLNP datagrams between MD-ISs and Internet protocol (IP) data gram13
 Network Architecture …
 ISs may also be used to route data between an MD-IS and its connected MDBSs.
 Mobile Data Intermediate System(MDIS)
 MD-ISs are the only network relay systems that are aware of mobility
 Location information is exchanged between MD-ISs using the mobile network
location protocol (MNLP).
 MD-IS performs two distinct mobility-aware routing functions, which cooperate to
provide location-independent network service
 mobile home function (MHF) and mobile serving function (MSF)
 MHF depends on every M-ES is logically a member of a fixed home area.
 home area provides the anchor or mobility-independent routing destination area for
the ISs and ESs that are not mobile-aware.
 The MHF in the home area MD-IS operates a packet forwarding service and
maintains a database of the current serving area for each of its homed M-ESs.
 Packets received for any of its homed M-ESs are forwarded to the MSF of each
serving area that the M-ES visits
14
 Network Architecture …
 MSF of an MD-IS operates a routing service for all visiting M-ESs in its serving area.
 It relies on the mobile network registration protocol (MNRP) which is used by an M-ES
to request access to the network.
 When the M-ES sends a registration request with a network entity identifier (NEI),the
MSF notifies the home MD-IS of the M-ESs current location.
 It also performs the function of routing data packets for M-ESs within its area toward the
current subnetwork point of attachment based on local knowledge of the subscriber’s
current cell.
 Information on the link between the backbone router and a Mobile Data Base System is
transmitted using a data link layer (DLL) protocol
 The mobile data link between each M-ES and the serving MD-IS is controlled by the
MSF
 this function performs the mobility management for M-ESs within the coverage area of
the serving MD-IS.
15
 Network Architecture
 Mobile Data Base Systems(MDBS)
 provides the relay between the cellular radio system and the digital data component
of the CDPD network
 communicates with the mobile units through radio signals
 Up to 16 mobile units in a sector can use the same cellular channel and
communicate as if they were on a LAN.
 This communications technique is known as digital sense multiple access (DSMA).
 After the MDBS turns the cellular radio signal into digital data, it transmits the data
stream to its backbone router, typically using frame relay, X.25, or Point-to-Point
Protocol.

16
 Network Architecture …
MDBS performs at layer 2 data link or media access relay functions for a set of
physical radio channels serving a cell
It is responsible to control of the radio interface of all its connected channel streams
Each cell needs a logical MDBS function.
A cell may operate multiple CDPD channel streams, each requiring a logical MDBS
relay function.
A channel stream is a bidirectional communications b/n MDBS and a group of M-
ESs, using a single RF channel pair at a time within a single cell .
In reverse direction, the M-ESs communicate over the radio interface to the MDBS,
which relays the information over a landline interface to the connected MD-IS.
In forward direction, the MDBS receives layer 2 datalink information from the MD-
IS over a landline data network and relays over the Airlink over physical RF channels.

17
 Network Architecture ….
 Mobile-end System(M-ES)
 It is network component by which CDPD network subscribers gain access to the
CDPD network
 uses the wireless interface to communicate with another end system(mobile or fixed)
 In M-ES, mobile unit may change as the user's location changes, continuous network
access has to be maintained
 At the network sublayer and below, mobile units and backbone routers cooperate to
allow the equipment of mobile subscribers to move transparently from cell to cell
 M-ES provides the user of the CDPD network with application services, support
services, and management services
 application services :providing wireless access for a virtual terminal application,
network connectivity to allow remote end systems to access CDPD via a private
LAN, use of standard protocols.

18
 Network Architecture ….
 support services: provided transmission and reception of data across the Airlink( full-
duplex or half-duplex), medium access control to the airlink, mobile data link
procedures, subnetwork convergence features, and end-to-end delivery of network
level packets based on IP or CLNP.
 management services : provides control and configuration of the M-ES support
services such as radio resource management, security services, and registration
services.
 OSI Reference Model
 CDPD Communications Reference Model uses the layering concept derived from
OSI reference model
 The sublayer is defined with layer service access points, layer protocol, layer
service primitives, and a layer management entity.
 A layer service access point is the point at which layer N provides services to layer
N + 1.
 Example, a network layer service access point (NSAP) is the point at which the
network layer provides services to the transport layer and take service from data
19
link layer service access point (LSAP)
 CDPD Communications Reference Model.

 CDPD Network Subprofiles

 The objective of the CDPD network is achieving interoperability across all CDPD
service providers is served by using a consistent subprofile to perform the functions of
end-to-end reliable data transfer.
 CDPD specifications define three major classes of subprofiles:
 Application sub profiles, Lower layer subprofiles and Subnetwork subprofiles 20
 CDPD Communications Reference Model.
 Application sub profiles.
 support of CDPD service provider application services like messaging, virtual
terminal, directory services, and network management.
 Each application may require a different set of services from the application,
presentation and session layers
 Lower layer subprofiles
 Interoperable data transfer requires support of lower layer services provided by
transport protocol class 4 (TP4) and connectionless mode network protocol (CLNP).
 The use of TP4 and CLNP provides a common basis for reliable end-to-end
communication across all types of sub networking technologies.
 appropriate subprofiles are defined for end systems, MD-IS, and intermediate
systems.
 Subnetwork subprofiles
 Different technologies for local and wide area networking is exist
 Selection among these is by criteria of usage, performance, and cost.
 The variety of standard subnetwork technologies include X.25 WAN, frame relay, 21
and point-to-point links.
 CDPD Communications Reference Model.
 Layered architecture

 This partitioning of the CDPD network services and protocols reflects the independence
of user requirements:
 for upper layer application services, lower layer communications services, and use of
22
specific real and commercially available subnetwork technologies
 Network Layer Protocols
 The CDPD overlay network use either the OSI Connectionless Network Protocol or
Internet protocol (IP) at the network layer.
 These protocols have virtually the same functionality
 both interpret device names to route packets to remote locations.
 IP has been used for more than 10 years and is one of the most popular protocols
today.
 Application Layer Protocols
 Applications required to administer and control CDPD networks using Open
Systems Interconnection-defined protocols.
 OSI-defined application-layer protocols are widely accepted and have been tested to
ensure robust, open communications among CDPD service providers.
 The use of these protocols provides a level playing field for manufacturers of the
CDPD infrastructure equipment.
 service providers can be confident the various network elements will communicate
together and that no single manufacturer can exert undue influence on the market. 23
 E.g. OSI protocols that operate at the application layer and can be implemented for
CDPD network administration and control as shown

24
 Common Management Information Protocol is the object-oriented management
standard for OSI networks developed by International Standards Organization (ISO).
 X.400 message handling system is a global messaging standard recommended by the
International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications Standards Section (ITU-
TSS, formerly known as International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative
Committee) that defines an envelope, routing, and data format for sending E-mail
between dissimilar systems.
 X.500 directory services are a standard for directory services recommended by the
ITU/ISO that operate across multiple networks used to convey E-mail.
 It allows users to look up the E-mail addresses of other users they wish to communicate
with
 Mobility Management
 Traditionally, the network address of the end system has been used to determine the
route used to reach that end system.
 CDPD is unique in allowing mobile units to roam freely, changing their subnetwork
point of attachment at any time. 25
 To find best route for transmitting data to an end system,
 CDPD mobility management describe the creation and maintenance of a location
information data base suitable for real-time discovery of mobile unit locations.
 There are three network entities participate in mobility management.
 mobile units, home backbone router, and serving backbone router
 Mobile units are responsible for identifying the unique network equipment identifiers
(NEIs) or network layer addresses to CDPD network.
 when mobile unit moves from cell to cell, it registers itself with the new serving
backbone router.
 Each NEI is permanently associated with a home backbone router.
 serving backbone router notifies the home backbone router of a mobile unit when it
registers itself in the new serving area.
 Mobility management use of two protocols: Mobile Network Registration
Protocol(MNRP) and Mobile Network Location Protocol(MNLP) 26
  is the method mobile units use to identify themselves to the network.
 This information is used to notify the network of the availability of one or more
NEIs at a mobile unit.
 The registration procedure includes the information required by the network for
authenticating the user's access rights.
 it is used whenever a mobile unit is initially powered up and when the mobile
unit roams from cell to cell.
 the mobile unit automatically identifies itself to the backbone router so its
location can be known at all times.
 Mobile Network Location Protocol
 a protocol communicated between the mobile serving function and mobile home
function of the backbone routers for the support of network layer mobility.
 uses the information exchanged in mobile network registration protocol
(MNRP) to facilitate the exchange of location and redirection information
between backbone routers,
 as well as the forwarding and routing of messages to roaming mobile units 27
 To facilitate the widespread acceptance of CDPD by cellular service providers, the
specifications define methods for ensuring the security of customer information,
while still providing an open environment for mobile users.
 Cellular service providers are legitimately concerned about protecting information
of their subscriber base from each other
 E.g. when a user who is usually served by Carrier X in Chicago roams to the
Carrier Z service area in Boston, Carrier Z must be able to find out whether that
user is authorized to use the network.
 To do that, Carrier Z queries the Carrier X data base about the user's access rights
using the network equipment identifier. Carrier X provides a simple yes or no
response.
 The details concerning the identity of the user, types of service the user has signed
up for, rates being charged, and amount of network usage are all protected.

28
 The internal network connecting the backbone routers (i.e., MD-ISs) must be
capable of supporting Connectionless Network Protocol and IP.
 The backbone routers terminate all CDPD-specific communications with mobile
units and Mobile Data Base System, producing only generic IP and connectionless
network protocol (CLNP) packets for transmission through the backbone network
 Mobile-End Systems Protocols
 The requirement that mobile units support IP to ensure that existing applications
software can be used in CDPD networks with little or no modification.
 However, new protocols below the network layer have been designed for CDPD
and fall into two categories:
 Digital sense multiple access is the protocol used by the mobile unit to connect to
the local mobile data base system (MDBS)
 It is similar to the carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocol used in Ethernet.
 It is a technique for multiple mobile units to share a single cellular frequency, much
as Carrier Sense, Multiple Access allows multiple computers to share a single cable29
 But their difference is the data rate, is that CSMA requires the stations on the
cable to act as peers contending for access to the cable in order to transmit
 Whereas in DSMA, the mobile data base system (MDBS) acts as a referee,
telling a mobile unit when its transmissions have been corrupted.
 The second is a pair of protocols permit communications between the mobile
unit and the backbone router.
 Mobile Data Link Protocol (MDLP) uses Media Access Control framing and
sequence control to provide basic error detection and recovery procedures
 Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP) provides segmentation,
head compression, encryption and mobile unit authentication.
 Cellular network provides a certain amount of protection against eavesdropping
by channel-hopping techniques and
 The applications used on the CDPD network require definite security-competing
businesses must have confidence that their information cannot be seen by
competitors 30
 SNDCP encryption uses exchange of secret keys between mobile unit and backbone
router to ensure that there can be no violation of security when transmitting over the
airwaves.
 Authentication procedure guards against unauthorized use of a network address.
 Transparent Operation
 Complete mobility is one of the key goals of CDPD networks.
 B/c applications software must be able to operate over the network and network itself
must make any required operational changes transparently.
 E.g. mobile units must automatically identify themselves to the network using
MNRP which recognizes the network addresses of mobile units whenever
subscribers power on their computers or move to a new cell.
 Data sent to a mobile unit is always sent through its home backbone router
 The home backbone router maintains an up-to date table of the locations of the
mobile units which is responsible for sending connectionless data transmissions to a
roaming mobile unit at any time 31
 The home backbone router sends data to the current serving backbone router.
 This ensures that data reaches an end system regardless of its location, while
keeping internal routing table updates to a minimum.
 A connectionless service need not be a physical connection established in order to
transmit data because the network is always available.
 Each block of data is treated independently and contains the full destination host
address.
 Each packet may traverse over a different path in the network
 A connection-oriented service requires a destination address in the first packet only.
 Subsequent packets follow the path that has been established.

32
 Registration Procedure
 Before a mobile unit can begin transmission, it enters into a dialogue with the
backbone router serving the area in which it is currently located.
 The dialogue identifies the mobile unit's Open Systems Interconnection network
layer address to the CDPD network.
 The serving backbone router tells the home backbone router responsible for that
mobile unit requesting service.
 The home backbone router authenticates the mobile unit, checking the user's
access rights and billing status.
 Once the registration and authentication procedures are completed, the mobile
unit begins sending data.
 The mobile unit is be a LAN connecting all units operating within the cell of the
telephone network.

33
 The LAN is a single set of transmit and receive frequencies shared by the mobile units
to access cellular LAN using the digital sense multiple access technique
 Serving backbone router examines the data sent by mobile units, looking for destination
address and comparing the destination address within its tables
 The backbone router can send the data to the appropriate destination by the best path
available

34
 when data is sent to the mobile unit, the CDPD network must be prepared to deal with
mobile units that are actively mobile moving in a car.
 The mobile unit moves from one serving backbone router to another session and
roaming mobile unit always sending its data to its home backbone router.
 The home backbone router always advertises itself as the destination router for the
mobile units it serves.
 Redirect Procedure
 The home backbone router knows the current location of the mobile unit b/c of the
registration procedure.
 When information sends to a mobile unit, the home backbone router encapsulates into
frames using CLNP and sends to the address of the current serving backbone router.
 Once the data arrives at the serving backbone router, it is de-encapsulated into its
original form to be sent to the mobile unit.
 This method of handling data trans-missions at the home backbone router is called the
redirect procedure 35
 The registration procedure serves two purposes:
 To authenticate the user's access rights.
 To identify the current location of the user.
 Redirect procedure uses registration procedure information to minimize network overhead.
 alternative, all the backbone routers would update their global routing tables when a mobile
unit moved and saturate the network with overhead traffic.

36
 The availability of low-cost CDPD modems does not guarantee a mass market for CDPD.
 The commonly used applications must be adapted to the technology using application
programming interfaces (APIs).
 APIs are required to optimize new and existing applications for use over relatively low
bandwidth wireless links with high overhead and delay.
 Considering the overhead, the wireless CDPD link will top out at 14.4K b/s.
 The average throughput falls between 9K b/s and 12K b/s, depending on the number of
errors and retransmissions.
 Although CDPD is ideal for vertical niche markets such as fleet dispatch and field service
and the more popular applications are E-mail, facsimile, and Remote Data Base access.
 To improve application performance over low-bandwidth of wireless links, middleware
uses intelligent agents that allows laptop users to query a corporate data base using a
software agent at the corporate site.
 If the user does not want to wait for a response to a query or the connection is lost, the
agent collects the information and sends it over the wireless network when the user makes
the next connection 37
 End Of Chapter 4

Thank You

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