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L5 - Statistical Test

The document discusses statistical tests for normality, outliers, and reliability. It describes how normality, outlier detection, and reliability tests are used to analyze sample data from a population. Normality tests assess whether data fits a normal distribution. Outlier detection identifies extreme values that could skew results. Reliability tests measure internal consistency, such as Cronbach's alpha for survey questions. SPSS software can be used to conduct the tests and interpret the results.

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Aiman Omer
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
47 views

L5 - Statistical Test

The document discusses statistical tests for normality, outliers, and reliability. It describes how normality, outlier detection, and reliability tests are used to analyze sample data from a population. Normality tests assess whether data fits a normal distribution. Outlier detection identifies extreme values that could skew results. Reliability tests measure internal consistency, such as Cronbach's alpha for survey questions. SPSS software can be used to conduct the tests and interpret the results.

Uploaded by

Aiman Omer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistical Decision Making

AQ054-3-M and Version 3

Statistical Test
Topic & Structure of The Lesson

 Normality Test
 Outlier Detection
 Reliability Test
 SPSS Application

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Learning Outcomes

• At the end of this topic, You should be able


to
 do normality test, outlier detection and reliability test to
measure or attribute of a population based upon analysis
of sample data.
 use statistical packages such as SPSS to conduct the
testing and interpret the results

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Key Terms You Must Be Able To
Use
• If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use the following
terms correctly in your assignments and exams:

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Normality Test

• An assessment of the normality of data is


a prerequisite for many statistical tests
because normal data is an underlying
assumption in parametric testing.

• There are two main methods of assessing


normality: graphically and numerically.

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Normality Test

• Assumes, if your sample is normal shape, 
the population from which it came is
normally distributed –
Then you can assume normality
• A significant test means the sample distrib
ution is not shaped like a normal curve
• Shapiro Wilks W test is the one we will use
most

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Normality Test

• H0: The observed distribution fits the


normal
• H1:The observed distribution does not fit 
the normal distribution
• If we accept the H0, we accept/assume
normality

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Normality Test

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Normality Test

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Normality Test

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Outlier Detection

• Outlier detection is both easy and difficult.

• It is easy since there are several relatively


straightforward tests for the presence of
outliers.

• It is difficult since there are no firm rules as


to when outlier removal is appropriate.

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Outlier Detection

• Outliers may be due to:


– Chance.
– Measurement error.
– Experimental error.

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Outlier Detection

• Outliers in statistical analyses are extreme


values that do not seem to fit with the majority of
a data set.

• If not removed, these extreme values can have


a large effect on any conclusions that might be
drawn from the data in question, because they
can skew correlation coefficients and lines of
best fit in the wrong direction.

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Outlier Detection

• Can use histogram, box plot or stem and


leaf to identify the outliers

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Reliability Test
• Cronbach's alpha is the most common
measure of internal consistency
("reliability").
• It is most commonly used when you have
multiple Likert questions in a survey/
questionnaire that form a scale and wish
to determine if the scale is reliable.
• If you are concerned with inter-rater
reliability
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Reliability Test

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Reliability Test

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Reliability Test

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Reliability Test

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Reliability Test

• From our example, we can see that Cronbach's alpha is


0.805, which indicates a high level of internal
consistency for our scale with this specific sample.

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Reliability Test

• This column presents the value that Cronbach's alpha


would be if that particular item was deleted from the
scale.

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Reliability Test

• Removal of any question, except question 8, would


result in a lower Cronbach's alpha.

• Removal of question 8 would lead to a small


improvement in Cronbach's alpha, and can see that the
"Corrected Item-Total Correlation" value was low
(0.128) for this item.

• This might lead to consider whether should remove this


item.

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Reliability Test

• Cronbach's alpha simply provides you with an overall


reliability coefficient for a set of variables (e.g.,
questions).

• If your questions reflect different underlying personal


qualities (or other dimensions), for example, employee
motivation and employee commitment, Cronbach's alpha
will not be able to distinguish between these.

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Quick Review Question

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Summary of Main Teaching Points

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Question and Answer Session

Q&A

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What we will cover next

Regression Analysis

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