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Introduction To Structural Design

Structural design is the process of selecting materials and proportioning structural elements to withstand loads in a safe, economical, and functional manner. It involves analyzing a structure to determine forces and then designing elements like beams, slabs, columns, and foundations based on factors like strength, stability, and compatibility with other building systems. The design process establishes criteria and explores possibilities before developing and refining a proposal according to standards that specify loads, factors of safety, and construction practices.

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Saabir Gariire
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361 views

Introduction To Structural Design

Structural design is the process of selecting materials and proportioning structural elements to withstand loads in a safe, economical, and functional manner. It involves analyzing a structure to determine forces and then designing elements like beams, slabs, columns, and foundations based on factors like strength, stability, and compatibility with other building systems. The design process establishes criteria and explores possibilities before developing and refining a proposal according to standards that specify loads, factors of safety, and construction practices.

Uploaded by

Saabir Gariire
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL

DESIGN
Structural Design
A method which we find out safe and
economical specifications of a structure or a
member of the structure sufficient to carry the
load.

A process to find out cross-sectional


dimensions, grade of material, amount of
reinforcement etc. necessary to withstand the
internal forces that are found from the
structural analysis.
Structural Design Cont.
The design of a structure may be regarded as
the process of selecting proper materials and
proportioned elements of the structure,
according to the art, engineering science and
technology. In order to fulfill its purpose, the
structure must meet its conditions of safety,
serviceability, economy and functionality.
Structural Design Cont.
The first function in design is the planning
carried out by the architect to determine the
arrangement and layout of the building to
meet the client’s requirements.

The structural engineer then determines the


best structural system or forms to bring the
architect’s concept into being.
Structural Design Cont.

Construction in different materials (Concrete ,


steel or other material) and with different
arrangements and systems may require
investigation to determine the most
economical answer.
Structural Design Cont.
Once the building form and structural
arrangement have been finalized the design
problem consists of the following:

1) Idealization of the structure into load bearing


frames and elements for analysis and design
2) Estimation of loads
3) Analysis to determine the maximum moments,
thrusts and shears for design.
Structural Design Cont.
1) Design of sections and reinforcement
arrangements for slabs, beams, columns
and walls using the results from 3

2) Production of arrangement and detail


drawings and bar schedules
General Design Process
The same
design process
used by
engineers and
designers in
other disciplines
can be used to
design structural
systems.
General Design Process Cont.
The first four steps of the
design process
establishes overall
concept and design
philosophy. Mostly done
by the architect

• Location of building on site


• Architectural style
• Interior space planning
• Design elements
• Construction materials
• Building systems
General Design Process Cont.
Identify Criteria and
Constraints

Additional criteria needed:

 Types and magnitudes of


applied loads
 Load path that each load
will follow to the ground
General Design Process Cont.
Explore Possibilities

Consider alternate structural


configurations, materials,
and spacing to improve the
design or reduce costs.
General Design Process Cont.
Select an Approach

Select the optimal design based


on:
a) Structural performance,
compatibility with the
architectural program, and
cost
b) The possibilities explored
General Design Process Cont.
Develop a Design
Proposal

Create a preliminary
structural design
incorporating the
selections for all
structural elements
General Design Process Cont.
Model or Prototype

Create a model to represent your


structural design

 Sketches
 Structural analysis software
 3D architectural software
General Design Process Cont.
Test and Evaluate

Reanalyze the structure based on


element selections

 Structural analysis software

3D architectural software


General Design Process Cont.
Refine

Revise the design as necessary


to correct problems with
strength, stability, and
compatibility with other
systems
General Design Process Cont.
Create or Make

Based on the final design


after revisions, Create
working drawings of the
structural design
General Design Process Cont.
Communicate Results

Distribute the drawings


Include in bid package
Include in construction
drawings
Structural Elements and Frames
The complete building structure can be broken
down into the following elements:
Beams Horizontal members carrying lateral loads
Slabs Horizontal elements carrying lateral loads
Columns Vertical members carrying primarily axial load but
generally subjected to axial load and moment

Walls Vertical elements resisting vertical, lateral or in-plane


loads

Bases and Spread the loads from columns or walls to the ground
foundations without excessive settlements.
Design Standards
In the UK, design is generally to limit state
theory in accordance with:
BS8110:1985: Structural Use of Concrete
Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and Construction

The design of sections for strength is according to plastic theory


based on behavior at ultimate loads. Elastic analysis of sections is
also covered because this is used in calculations for deflections and
crack width in accordance with

BS8110:1985: Structural Use of Concrete


Part 2: Code of Practice for Special Circumstances
Design Standards Cont.
The loading on structures conforms to

BS6399:1984: Design Loading for Building


Part 1: Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads

CP3:1972: Chapter V: Loading


Part 2: Wind Loads

The codes set out the design loads, load combinations


and partial factors of safety, material strengths, design
procedures and sound construction practice. So, a
thorough knowledge of the codes is one of the
essential requirements of a designer.
Design Standards Cont.
Thus it is important that copies of these codes are
obtained and read in conjunction with the book.
Generally, only those parts of clauses and tables are
quoted which are relevant to the particular problem, and
the reader should consult the full text.

Only the main codes involved have been mentioned


above..

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