PHYSICS – Thermal properties and

temperature
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES

2.2.3 Thermal capacity

(heat capacity) Core • • Give a simple molecular
Relate a rise in the account of an increase in
internal energy • Recall and
temperature of a body
use the equation thermal
to an increase in its
capacity = mc • Define
internal energy • Show specific heat capacity •
an understanding of Describe an experiment to
what is meant by the measure the specific heat
thermal capacity of a capacity of a substance •
Recall and use the equation
body
change in energy = mc∆T
Thermal (heat) capacity

What requires more

energy to heat up by
1oC?
Thermal (heat) capacity

What requires more

energy to heat up by
1oC?

1 kg water
Thermal (heat) capacity

What requires more

energy to heat up by
1oC?

1 kg water 1 kg aluminium
Thermal (heat) capacity

What requires more

energy to heat up by
1oC?

1 kg water 1 kg aluminium

4200 joules of 900 joules of

energy energy
Thermal (heat) capacity

What requires more

energy to heat up by
1oC?

Water must be
supplied with
nearly five times
as much energy as
1 kg water aluminium for the 1 kg aluminium
same rise in
temperature.

4200 joules of 900 joules of

energy energy
Thermal (heat) capacity

What requires more

energy to heat up by
1oC?

It’s all to do with the SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY of the material

Water must be
supplied with
nearly five times
as much energy as
1 kg water aluminium for the 1 kg aluminium
same rise in
temperature.

4200 joules of 900 joules of

energy energy
Thermal (heat) capacity

The specific heat

capacity of a substance
is the amount of energy
needed to change the
temperature of 1kg of
the substance by 1oC.
Thermal (heat) capacity

The specific heat

capacity of a substance
is the amount of energy
needed to change the
temperature of 1kg of
the substance by 1oC.

Substance SHC (J / kg oC)

Water 4181
Oxygen 918
Lead 128
Thermal (heat) capacity

The specific heat

capacity of a substance
is the amount of energy
needed to change the
temperature of 1kg of
the substance by 1oC.

Water has a
particularly high
SHC, making it
Substance SHC (J / kg oC) very useful for
storing heat
Water 4181 energy, and for
transporting it, eg.
Oxygen 918 in central heating
Lead 128
Thermal (heat) capacity

The equation (just what you wanted!)

Thermal (heat) capacity

The equation (just what you wanted!)

Energy transferred = mass x specific heat

capacity x temperature

Energy transferred = m c ΔT

Where: m is the mass in kg,

c is the SHC in J/(kgoC)
ΔT is the temperature change in oC (or in K)
Thermal (heat) capacity

The equation (just what you wanted!)

How much energy

needs to be transferred
to raise the
temperature of 2kg of
water from 20oC to
30oC?
Thermal (heat) capacity

The equation (just what you wanted!)

How much energy

needs to be transferred
to raise the
temperature of 2kg of
water from 20oC to
30oC?

Energy transferred = mass x SHC x temp. change

= 2 x 4181 x (30 – 20)

= 2 x 4181 x 10

= 83,620 J = 83.62 kJ
Thermal (heat) capacity

So what’s
this ‘thermal
capacity’ bit?
Thermal (heat) capacity

So what’s
this ‘thermal
Thermal capacity = mass x SHC capacity’ bit?
Thermal (heat) capacity

So what’s
this ‘thermal
Thermal capacity = mass x SHC capacity’ bit?

eg. If there is 3kg of water in a

kettle:

Thermal capacity = 3 x 4181

= 12,543 J/oC
Thermal (heat) capacity

So what’s
this ‘thermal
Thermal capacity = mass x SHC capacity’ bit?

This means that

eg. If there is 3kg of water in a for every 1oC
kettle: rise in
temperature of
Thermal capacity = 3 x 4181
the water in the
= 12,543 J/oC kettle, 12,543 J
of energy need
to be supplied.
Measuring specific heat capacity
 Measuring specific heat capacity Energy = power x time

Apparatus for Apparatus for

determining the SHC determining the SHC
of a solid, eg. of a liquid, eg.
Aluminium Water

http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Thermal%20physics/Heat%20energy/text/Specific_heat_capacity_measurement/index.html
Measuring specific heat capacity Energy = power x time

• Beaker contains 0.75 kg of Apparatus for

determining the SHC
water. of a liquid, eg.
Water
• Immersion heater (200W)
switched on for 200
seconds
• Temperature of the water
rises by 12.5oC
• Calculate the SHC of
water

http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Thermal
%20physics/Heat
%20energy/text/Specific_heat_capacity_measurement/index.htm
l
Measuring specific heat capacity Energy = power x time

• Beaker contains 0.75 kg of Apparatus for

determining the SHC
water. of a liquid, eg.
Water
• Immersion heater (200W)
switched on for 200
seconds
• Temperature of the water
rises by 12.5oC
• Calculate the SHC of
water

Energy transferred = power x time

= 200 x 200 = 40,000J http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Thermal
%20physics/Heat
%20energy/text/Specific_heat_capacity_measurement/index.htm
l
= 0.75 x c x 12.5
c = 40 000 / (0.75 x 12.5)

SHC of water = 4267 J(kgoC)

Measuring specific heat capacity Energy = power x time

• Beaker contains 0.75 kg of Apparatus for

determining the SHC
water. of a liquid, eg.
Water
• Immersion heater (200W)
switched on for 200
seconds
• Temperature of the water
rises by 12.5oC
• Calculate the SHC of
water

Energy transferred = power x time

= 200 x 200 = 40,000J http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Thermal
%20physics/Heat
%20energy/text/Specific_heat_capacity_measurement/index.htm
l
= 0.75 x c x 12.5
c = 40 000 / (0.75 x 12.5)
Actual value for the SHC of water
is 4181 J / kgoC. The method
SHC of water = 4267 J(kgoC) described does not make any
allowance for heat loss to the
surroundings or the beaker.
Thermal (heat) capacity

Using the high SHC of water:

• Central heating system, water
carries thermal energy from
the boiler to the radiators.

Radiator

M
Pump
Boiler