STATISTICS

ASSIGNMENT

By

VUYYURI SUJITH VARMA

REG.NO: 17010141138
BBA SEC[A]
Sem-2
 SAMPLING

Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis

in which a predetermined number of
observations are taken from a larger population.
The methodology used to sample from a larger
population depends on the type of analysis
being performed, but may include simple
random sampling or systematic sampling.

Eg : In business, a CPA performing an audit

uses sampling to determine the accuracy of
account balances in the financial statements,
and managers use sampling to assess the
success of the firm’s marketing efforts.
Sampling is a part of our day-to-day life
which we use advertently or inadvertently
 SAMPLING FRAME

For adopting any sampling procedure it is

essential to have a list or a map identifying
each sampling unit by a number. i.e., a
detailed and complete list of all the sampling
units is known as sampling frame.

Eg : A list of voters , a list of households , a

list of technical persons , areas in map
marked by number for soil surveys , a list of
villages in a district , a list of farmer's
fields, etc, are a few examples of sampling
frame
 POPULATION
In statistics, population refers to the total
set of observations that can be made.
For example, if we are studying the weight
of adult women, the population is the set of
weights of all the women in the world.
 SAMPLE
In probability theory and statistics, a
sequence or other collection of random
variables is independent and identically
distributed if each random variable has the
same probability distribution as the others
and all are mutually independent.
 TYPES OF SAMPLING
SCHEMES:
Sampl i ng t akes on t wo f o rms
i n statistics:

[1] PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
[2] NON- PROBAB IL ITY
SAMPLIN G
PROBABILIT Y SAMPLING:
Probability sampling i s a sampling
techniquewherein the samples
are gathered i n aprocess that
gives a l l theindividuals
i n the population equal chances
of being selected.
TYPES OF PROBABILITY
SAMPLING:
Simple random sampling is a completely
random method of selecting
subjects.
These can include assigning numbers to
all subjects and then using a random
number generator to choose random
numbers. Classic all and urn experiments
are another example of this process
(assuming the balls are sufficiently mixed).
The members whose numbers are chosen are
included in the sample. A simple random
sample (SRS) of size n is produced by a
scheme which ensures that each subgroup of
the population of size n has an equal
probability of being chosen as the sample.

 Stratified Random Sampling involves

splitting subjects into mutually
exclusive groups and then using simple
random
 sampling to choose members from groups.
Divide the population into "strata". There
can be any number of these. Then choose a
simple random sample from each stratum.
Combine those into the overall sample. That
is a stratified random sample. (Example:
Church A has 600 women and 400 women
as members. One way to get a stratified
random sample of size 30 is to take a SRS of
18 women from the 600 women and
another SRS of 12 men from the 400 men.)

 Systematic Sampling means that you choose

every “nth” participant from a complete
list. For example, you could choose every
10th person listed.

 Cluster Random Sampling is a way to

randomly select participants from a list that is
too large for simple random sampling. For
 example, if you wanted to choose 1000
participants from the entire population of
the U.S., it is likely impossible to get a
complete list of everyone. Instead, the
researcher
randomly selects areas (i.e. cities or
counties) and randomly selects from
within those boundaries.

 Multi-Stage Random sampling uses

a combination of techniques.
Sometimes the population is too large and
scattered for it to be practical to make a list
of the entire population from which to draw
a SRS. For instance, when the a polling
organization samples US voters, they do not
do a SRS. Since voter lists are compiled by
counties, they might first do a sample of the
counties and then sample within the selected
counties. This illustrates two stages. In some
instances, they might use even more stages.
At each stage, they might do a stratified
random sample on sex,
race, income level, or any other useful variable
on which they could get information before
sampling.
How does one decide which type of
sampling to use?

The formulas in almost all statistics
books assume simple random sampling.
Unless you are willing to learn the
more complex techniques to analyze
the data after it is collected, it is
appropriate to use simple random
sampling. To learn the appropriate
formulas for the more complex
sampling schemes, look for a book or
course on sampling.

Stratified random sampling gives more
precise information than simple random
sampling for a given sample size. So, if
information on all members of the
population is available that divides them
 into strata that seem relevant, stratified
sampling will usually be used.

If the population is large and enough
resources are available, usually one
will
use multi-stage sampling. In such
situations, usually stratified sampling
will be done at some stages.
NON PROBABILTY
SAMPLING:
Non-probability sampling represents
group of sampling techniques that
a
researchers to select units from
help
population that they are interested
a
studying. Collectively, these units form
in
sample that the researcher studies
the
basics, to learn more about terms such
The
[unit, sample and population]. A
as
characteristic of non-probability
core
techniques is that samples are
sampling
based on the subjective judgement of
selected
researcher, rather than random
the
(i.e., probabilistic methods), which is
selection
cornerstone of probability
the
techniques. Whilst some researchers
sampling
view non-probability sampling
may
as inferior to probability
techniques
techniques, there are strong
sampling
and practical reasons for their
theoretical
use.
 TYPES OF NON
PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
There are four types of non-probability
sampling technique that you may use
doing
when a dissertation at the undergraduate
master's level:
and
Quota sampling,
Convenience
sampling,
Judgemental and
Snowball sampling.
To get a sense of what these five types
non-probability
of sampling technique
imagine
are, that a researcher wants
understand
to more about the career goals
students
of at a single university. Let's say
the
that university has roughly 10,000
These 10,000 students are our population
students.
Each
(N). of the 10,000 students is known as a
(although
unit sometimes other terms are used
describe
to a unit; see Sampling: The basics).
order
In to select a sample (n) of students
this
from population of 10,000 students, we
choose
could to use quota sampling,
sampling,
convenience purposive sampling, self-
sampling
selection and snowball
sampling:
 Quota

With proportional quota sampling, the aim is

sampling
end
to up with a sample where the strata
(groups)
being studied (e.g., males vs. females
are proportional to the population
students)
studied.
being If we were to examine the
in male and female students, for example,
differences
number
the of students from each group that
would
we include in the sample would be based
the
on proportion of male and female
amongst
students the 10,000 university
students.
 Convenience

A sampling
convenience sample is simply one where
units
the that are selected for inclusion in
sample
the are the easiest to access. In
example
our of the 10,000 university students, if
were
we only interested in achieving a sample
of
sizesay 100 students, we may simply stand at
of
one the main entrances to campus, where
would
it be easy to invite the many students
pass
that by to take part in the research.

Judgmental sampling is a non-

probability sampling technique
where the researcher selects units to
be sampled based on their
knowledge and professional
.
judgment.
Each of these purposive sampling
has a specific goal, focusing on certain types
techniques
units,
of all for different reasons. The
purposive
different sampling techniques can either
used
be on their own or in combination with
purposive
other sampling
techniques.
 Snowball
sampling

Snowball sampling is particularly

when the population you are interested in
appropriate
hidden
is and/or hard-to-reach. These
populations
include such as drug addicts,
people,
homeless individuals with AIDS/HIV,
and so
prostitutes,
forth.
 SAMPLING ERRORS
Sampling error is the error c aused
observing
by a sample instead of the whole
population. The sampling error is
difference
the between a sample statistic
used to estimate a population parameter
a n d the actual but unknown value of
parameter.
the

Five Common Types of Sampling

. Population Specification Error—This
error occurs when the researcher does not
understand who they should survey. For
example, imagine a survey about breakfast
cereal consumption. Who to survey? It might be
the entire family, the mother, or the children. The
mother might make the purchase decision, but
the children influence her choice.

 Sample Frame Error—A frame error

occurs when the wrong sub-population is
used to select a sample. A classic frame
 error occurred in the 1936 presidential
election between Roosevelt and Landon.
The sample frame was from car
registrations and telephone directories.
In 1936, many Americans did not own
cars or telephones, and those who did
were largely Republicans. The results
wrongly predicted a Republican victory.


Selection Error—This occurs when
respondents self-select their participation
in the study – only those that are
interested respond. Selection error can be
controlled by going extra lengths to get
participation. A typical survey process
includes initiating
pre-survey contact requesting
cooperation, actual surveying, and post-
survey follow-up.
If a response is not received, a second
survey request follows, and perhaps
interviews using alternate modes such
as telephone or person-to-person.
 than those who do not respond. This may
occur because either the potential respondent
was not contacted or they refused to respond.
The extent of this non- response error can be
checked through follow-up surveys using
alternate modes.

 Sampling Errors—These errors occur because

of variation in the number or representativeness
of the sample that responds. Sampling errors can
be controlled by (1) careful sample designs, (2)
large samples, and (3) multiple contacts to assure
representative response.
 NON SAMPLING ERROR

In statistics, non-sampling error is a catch-all term

for the deviations of estimates from their true
values that are not a function of the sample
chosen, including various systematic errors and
random errors that are not due to sampling. Non
sampling errors are much harder to quantify than
sampling errors
Non-sampling errors in survey estimates can
arise from:


Coverage errors, such as failure to accurately
represent all population units in the sample,
or the inability to obtain information about
all sample cases;

Response errors by respondents due for
example to definitional differences,
misunderstandings, or deliberate
misreporting;

 Mistakes in recording the data or coding it to

standard classifications;

 Other errors of collection, nonresponse, processing,

or imputation of values for missing or
inconsistent data

THE
END