Scribd
Upload
23 views

Vector and Raster Data Models: Faculty of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning Civil Engineering Department

This document discusses spatial data models used in Geographic Information Systems, including raster, vector, and topological models. It provides details on vector data structures like spaghetti, topological, and TIN models. It also describes common file formats for spatial data like shapefiles, coverages, and geodatabases. Raster data models and encoding are also covered.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Al Maqadma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views

Vector and Raster Data Models: Faculty of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning Civil Engineering Department

This document discusses spatial data models used in Geographic Information Systems, including raster, vector, and topological models. It provides details on vector data structures like spaghetti, topological, and TIN models. It also describes common file formats for spatial data like shapefiles, coverages, and geodatabases. Raster data models and encoding are also covered.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Al Maqadma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 41

Faculty of Applied Engineering and

Urban Planning

Civil Engineering Department

Geographic Information Systems

Vector and Raster


Data Models
Lecture 3
Week 4
1st Semester 2012/2013
Spatial Data Models

Raster
exhaustive regular or irregular partitioning of space
associated with the field view
location-based

Vector
points, lines, polygons
associated with the object view
object-based
Spatial Data Models
Spaghetti Vector Data Model
Each point, line, or polygon is stored as a record in a
file that consists of that entity’s ID and a list of
coordinates that define geometry.

For Points:
ID Coordinates
1 3,4
2 2 5,5

1
Spaghetti Vector Data Model
Each point, line, or polygon is stored as a record in a
file that consists of that entity’s ID and a list of
coordinates that define geometry.

For Lines:
ID Coordinates
1 (0,1), (3,4), (5,6)
2 (3,1), (5,2), (4,3)

2
Spaghetti Vector Data Model
Each point, line, or polygon is stored as a record in a
file that consists of that entity’s ID and a list of
coordinates that define geometry.

For Polygons:
ID Coordinates
1 (2,4), (4,3), (3,6) , (2,4),
2 (3,1), (5,2), (4,3), (3,2), (3,1)

2
Spaghetti Vector Data Model

Advantages
simple
efficient for display and plotting

Disadvantages
inefficient for most types of spatial analysis
Vector Topologic Data Model

Composed of points, lines, and polygons

Node: a point at the intersection of three or more


lines

In addition to coordinate locations, the topologic


relationships among geometric features are explicitly
recorded
Vector Topologic Data Model

Arc Coordinate Data


A Arc StartXY IntermediateXY EndXY
n1
B a2 a1 a1 4,5 (4,8), (8,8), (8,1), (4,1) 4,3
a3
C a4 a2 4,5 (6,7), (6,3) 4,3
n2 a3 4,5 (1,3) 4,3
a4 4,3 4,5

Arc Topology Node Topology Polygon


Topology
Arc Start End Left Right Node Arcs
ID Arcs
a1 n1 n2 A n1 a4, a2, a1, a3
A a1, a2
a2 n1 n2 A B n2 a2, a4, a3, a1
B a2, a4
a3 n1 n2 C
C a3, a4
a4 n2 n1 C B
Vector Topologic Data Model

Planar Enforcement:

No two individual features can overlap.

There are no ‘holes’ or ‘íslands’ that are not


themselves features.

Every feature is represented as a record in the


attribute table.
Vector Topologic vs. Spaghetti

Spaghetti: can encode as


2 or 3 polygons (and have 2
or 3 records in the attribute
table)
Topologic: must be
encoded as 3 polygons
(and have 3 records in the
attribute table)
Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)
(TIN) is a digital data structure used in a
geographic information system (GIS) for
the representation of a surface. A TIN is
a vector-based representation of the
physical land surface or sea bottom,
made up of irregularly distributed nodes
and lines with three-dimensional
coordinates (x, y, and z) that are
arranged in a network of
nonoverlapping triangles.
Triangulated
Irregular Network
(TIN)
Hybrid vs. Integrated Approaches

Hybrid Approach: stores spatial data and attribute


data in different data models (typically relational data
model for attribute data and proprietary data
structure for spatial data).

Integrated Approach: stores spatial and attribute


data using the same data model (typically using the
relational data model in a single RDBMS).
ESRI Shapefile
Designed by ESRI for ArcView

Implementation of the spaghetti vector model

An individual layer stores a single type of geometry (i.e.


point, line, polygon)

No topology (but it can be calculated on the fly...)

Draws relatively fast

‘Open’ file format


ESRI Shapefile

Three primary files in a shapefile: .shp, .shx, and .dbf

All files must share the same prefix for one shapefile,
e.g. road.shp, road.shx, and road.dbf

.shp : stores the feature geometry (binary)


.shx : index for .shp file
.dbf : attribute data stored in dBASE format
ESRI Shapefile
ESRI Geodatabase
Designed by ESRI for ArcGIS

Integrated approach implementing spaghetti vector data


model in a relational DBMS (for vector)

RDBMS is powered by Microsoft Jet (Access) or other


DBMS

Topology is generated on the fly

Supports versioning, multi-user edits, client-server


architecture, other mainstream database functionality
ESRI Coverage
Designed by ESRI for ArcInfo

Implementation of the vector topologic data model

‘Closed’ file format

Each coverage is a directory, with numerous files that


store feature geometry, projection, registration, etc.

Attribute data is stored in a separate INFO directory,


which stores all attribute data for all coverages in its
parent directory.
Raster Data Model

• A raster
representation is
composed a series
of layers, each
with a theme
• Typically used to
represent ‘field-
like’ geographic
phenomena
Regular Tessellations

Squares Triangles Hexagons


Irregular Tessellations
Raster Grid

– but most common raster is composed of


squares, called grid cells

– grid cells are analogous to pixels in remote


sensing images and computer graphics
Raster Resolution
The distance that one side of a grid cell represents on
the ground

1 1 1 2 3 = grid cell resolution


1 1 1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2
The higher the resolution
4 4 4 2 3 (smaller the grid cell), the
4 4 4 2 3 higher the precision, but the
greater the cost in data
storage
Raster Data: Encoding
Raster Data: Encoding
Raster and RDBMS

Raster layer can be attached to a RDBMS

ID Land Use
1 1 1 2 3 1 Agricultural
1 1 1 2 3 2 Road
2 2 2 2 2
3 Residential
4 4 4 2 3
4 Industrial
4 4 4 2 3
Raster
Data:
ArcGIS
Raster
Data:
ArcGIS
Raster in ArcGIS – Floating Point
Raster in ArcGIS - Integer

You might also like