Scribd
Upload
40 views

Lecture

Mineral oil is used as a coolant and insulant in transformers due to its optimal balance of cost and performance. It undergoes physical and chemical refining treatments to remove impurities. Ideal transformer oil has properties like low viscosity and pour point, high flash point and oxidation stability, and high electric strength and resistivity. Various tests are conducted to check oil properties at different stages and ensure it meets specifications.

Uploaded by

Gnanavel G
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views

Lecture

Mineral oil is used as a coolant and insulant in transformers due to its optimal balance of cost and performance. It undergoes physical and chemical refining treatments to remove impurities. Ideal transformer oil has properties like low viscosity and pour point, high flash point and oxidation stability, and high electric strength and resistivity. Various tests are conducted to check oil properties at different stages and ensure it meets specifications.

Uploaded by

Gnanavel G
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

TRANSFORMER OIL

WHY MINERAL OIL

• COOLANT & INSULANT

• OFFERS BEST COMPROMISE BETWEEN

COST & PERFORMANCE

• COMPATIBILITYWITH OTHER
TRANSFORMER MATERIALS IS GOOD
MANUFACTURE
CRUDE PETROLEUM - SERIES
OF PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
(I) DISTILLED UNDER ATMOSPHERIC PR.
(II) RESIDUE DISTILLED UNDER VACUUM
(III) DISTILLATE REFINED BY :
ACID TREATMENT
HYDROTREATMENT /

HYDROGENATION
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
CLAY TREATMENT
AIM OF REFINING

• < WAXES

• < S, N, & O COMPOUNDS

• < AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS


COMPOSITION

•N 0.001 - 0.002 %

•S 0.05 - 0.50 %

• C, H Rest
(optimum aromatics)
TESTING

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- DESIGN STAGE OF EQUIPMENT

• DENSITY
• VISCOSITY
• INTERFACIAL TENSION
• FLASH POINT
• POUR POINT
DENSITY

• WEIGHT PER UNIT VOLUME

• HYDROMETER

• WEIGHT TO VOLUME CONVERSION


KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

• MEASUREOF RESISTIVE FLOW OF


OIL UNDER GRAVITY

• GLASS CAPILLARY VISCOMETER

• INFLUENCES HEAT TRANSFER


PROPERTIES & TEMPERATURE RISE
OF ENERGISED TRANSFORMERS
INTERFACIAL TENSION

• MOLECULAR ATTRACTIVE FORCE BETWEEN


UNLIKE MOLECULES AT INTERFACE

• INTERFACIAL TENSIOMETER

• DETECTS SMALL AMOUNTS OF SOLUBLE


POLAR PRODUCTS
FLASH POINT

• TEMPERATURE AT WHICH VAPOURS ABOVE


OIL SURFACE FIRST IGNITE

• PENSKY MARTEN’S FLASH POINT TESTER

• INDICATES FLAMMABILITY
POUR POINT

• LOWEST TEMPERATURE AT WHICH OIL


FLOWS

• POUR POINT APPARATUS

• INDICATES LOWEST TEMPERATURE TO WHICH

OIL MAY BE COOLED WITHOUT SERIOUSLY

LIMITING DEGREE OF CIRCULATION OF OIL


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- EQUIPMENT OPERATION

• NEUTRALISATION VALUE
• CORROSIVE SULPHUR
• OXIDATION STABILITY
• OXIDATION INHIBITOR
• WATER CONTENT
NEUTRALISATION VALUE

• NO.OF mgs. OF KOH REQUIRED TO


NEUTRALISE ALL ACIDIC CONSTITUENTS
PRESENT IN 1gm. OF OIL

• COLOUR INDICATION TITRATION

• LOW N.V. NECESSARY TO MINIMIZE ELECTRIC


CONDUCTION, METAL CORROSION & TO
MAXIMIZE INSULATION SYSTEM LIFE
CORROSIVE SULPHUR

•COPPER STRIP 25X6X(0.127-0.254) mm


EXPOSED TO 250ml OIL FOR 19 hrs AT

1400 C. APPEARANCE OF COPPER SURFACE


DETERMINES OIL IS CORROSIVE OR
NON-CORROSIVE.
•PRESENCE OF CORROSIVE SULPHUR
COMPOUNDS RESULTS IN DETERIORATION
OF METALS IN CONTACT WITH OIL. HENCE
DETECTION IS MEANS FOR RECOGNIZING
THE HAZARD INVOLVED.
OXIDATION STABILITY
as per IS:335 – 1993:

25gms. OIL CHARGED TO GLASS TUBE


CONTAINING 9.6 sq.cm. Cu CATALYST. TUBE
PLACED IN BATH AT 1000C. OXYGEN
BUBBLED AT 1 ltr / hr THROUGH OIL FOR

164 hrs. SLUDGE & N.V. OF OIL MEASURED


as per IS:12463 – 1988 :

25gms. OIL CHARGED TO OXIDATION TUBE


CONTAINING 28.6 sq.cm. Cu CATALYST.
OXIDATION TUBE AT 1200C, O2 BUBBLED
AT 1 ltr/hr. 25ml DISTILLED WATER IN
abs. TUBE OUTSIDE HEATING DEVICE
CONNECTED TO OXIDATION TUBE, AFTER
236hrs. n-HEPTANE INSOLUBLE SLUDGE,
CHOLOROFORM SLUDGE, SOLUBLE
ACIDITY IN OXIDATION TUBE, VOLATILE
ACIDITY IN abs. TUBE MEASURED.
TA = SA +VA
 DEVELOPMENT OF SLUDGE & ACIDITY
RESULTING FROM OXIDATION DURING
STORAGE, PROCESSING & LONG
SERVICE LIFE SHOULD BE HELD TO
MINIMUM. THIS MINIMISES ELECTRIC
CONDUCTION & METAL CORROSION,
MAXIMISES INSULATION SYSTEM LIFE
& BDV, & ENSURES SATISFACTORY
HEAT TRANSFER.
OXIDATION STABILITY (RBT)
as per IS: 12463-1988:

•50 gms OIL AGITATED AT 100 rpm UNDER

INITIAL O2 PRESSURE OF 90 psi IN BOMB

WITH CONTAINER, 153.5 sq.cm. Cu CATALYST

AT 140 C. TIME FOR OIL TO REDUCE


PRESSURE BY 25 psi MEASURED.
AGEING CHARACTERISTICS
as per IS: 335-1993:

• 300 ml OIL EXPOSED FOR 96 hrs TO MOVING

AIR IN OVEN AT 115OC, WITH 15 sq.cm.

Cu CATALYST. N.V., SLUDGE, DISSIPATION


FACTOR & RESISTIVITY OF OIL MEASURED
OXIDATION INHIBITOR
as per IS:335 – 1993 :
DETECTION:
• 2ml ALC. + 2 ml OIL, SHAKE, + 1ml ALC. PMA
SOLN. (5%), SHAKE, + 1 ml AMMONIA, SHAKE,
ALLOW TO SETTLE. BLUE COLOR OBSERVED
IF PHENOL INHIBITOR IS PRESENT.

• 2 ml GLACIAL ACETIC ACID + 2 ml OIL, SHAKE,


+1ml ALC. PMA SOLN. (5%), SHAKE, ALLOW TO

SETTLE. BLUE COLOR OBSERVED IF AMINE

INHIBITOR IS PRESENT.
as per IS:12463 – 1988 :
DETERMINATION (PHENOL TYPE):
• CALIBRATION SOLNS. PREPARED BY
DISSOLVING WEIGHED AMTS. OF DBPC IN
WEIGHED AMTS. OF REFERENCE
OIL. ABSORBANCE MEASURED AT 3650
cm-1 USING IR SPECTROPHOTOMETER.
CALIBRATION CURVE PREPARED BY
PLOTTING ABS. vs % DBPC. ABS. OF
OIL MEASURED. % DBPC OF OIL READ
OUT FROM CALIBRATION CURVE.

DETECTION TO KNOW IF INHIBITOR IS


ADDED, DETERMINATION TO KNOW AMT.
ADDED.
WATER CONTENT

• KARL FISCHER METHOD


(COULOMETRY)

• LOW W.C. NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE


ADEQUATE BDV & LOW DISSIPATION
FACTOR, TO MAXIMISE INSULATION
SYSTEM LIFE, & TO MINIMISE METAL
CORROSION.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
- MONITORING CONDITION OF OIL
BEFORE & IN SERVICE.

•ELECTRIC STRENGTH

•DISSIPATION FACTOR

•VOLUME RESISTIVITY
ELECTRIC STRENGTH

• VOLTAGE AT WHICH ELECTRIC FAILURE


OR BREAKDOWN OF DIELECTRIC OCCURS
WHEN ENERGISED BETWEEN TWO
ELECTRODES UNDER PRESCRIBED
CONDITIONS.

• BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE TESTER

• MEASURE OF OIL’S ABILITY TO


WITHSTAND ELECTRIC STRESS AT
OPERATING & TEST VOLTAGES
WITHOUT FAILURE
DISSIPATION FACTOR
• RATIO OF POWER DISSIPATED IN OIL IN
WATTS, TO PRODUCT OF EFFECTIVE
VOLTAGE & CURRENT IN VOLT AMPS,
WHEN TESTED WITH SINUSOIDAL FIELD

• USING BRIDGE CIRCUIT, OIL TESTED IN


THREE - TERMINAL CELL

• MEASURE OF DIELECTRIC LOSSES, HENCE


AMOUNT OF ENERGY DISSIPATED AS HEAT
SPECIFIC RESISTANCE

• RATIO OF dc POTENTIAL GRADIENT (V/cm)


PARALLELING CURRENT FLOW WITHIN
SPECIMEN, TO CURRENT DENSITY
(amps/sq.cm.) AT GIVEN INSTANT OF TIME

• MEGOHMMETER

• MEASURE OF ELECTRICAL INSULATING


PROPERTIES
IDEAL TRANSFORMER OIL

• LOW DENSITY
• LOW VISCOSITY
• LOW POUR POINT
• HIGH FLASH POINT
• HIGH OXIDATION STABILITY
• LOW DISSIPATION FACTOR
• HIGH ELECTRIC STRENGTH
• HIGH VOLUME RESISTIVITY
SPECIFICATION
IS 335 - 1993 (UNINHIBITED NEW OIL)
& IS 12463 – 1988 (INHIBITED NEW OIL) :
• APPEARANCE - CLEAR,TRANSPARENT,
FREE FROM SEDIMENT
OR SUSPENDED
MATTER
• DENSITY
@29.5OC, Max - 0.89 g/cc
• KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
@ 27OC,Max - 27 cSt
• IFT, Min. - 0.04 N/m
• FLASH POINT, Min - 140 C
• POUR POINT, Max - -6 C
• N.V., Max - 0.03 mg KOH/g
• CORROSIVE
SULPHUR - NON-CORROSIVE
• BDV, Min - 30kV (UNFILTERED),
60kV (FILTERED)
• DISSIPATION
FACTOR @ 90OC,
Max - 0.002
• SPECIFIC RESISTANCE, Min :
90OC - 35 X 10E12 Ohm-cm
27OC - 1500 X 10E12 Ohm-cm

• OXIDATION STABILITY:
N.V., Max - 0.40 mg KOH / g
T.S. , Max - 0.10 % by wt

• PRESENCE OF O.I.,
as per IS: 335 - 1993 : - NIL

• O.I. CONTENT,
as per IS: 12463 – 1988 : - 0.3% BY WT.

• W.C., Max - 50 ppm


• AGING CHARACTERISTICS:
as per IS 335 – 1993:

SPECIFIC RESISTANCE, Min


27OC - 2.5 X 10E12 Ohm-cm
90OC - 0.2 X 10E12 Ohm-cm

DISSIPATION FACTOR @ 90OC ,


Max - 0.20

T.A., Max. - 0.05 mg KOH / g


• OXIDATION INHIBITOR CONTENT, Max,
as per IS:12463 - 1988 :
- 0.3 % by wt.

• OXIDATION STABILITY (RBT), Min.,


as per IS:12463 - 1988 :
- 195 mins.

You might also like