Saurabh Sanjay Kasliwal

B.E Civil, M.E Structural Engg.

+91-9028126721
 Slip form Technique
 Underpinning
 Scaffolding
  Slip Form Work:
 Slip forming is the best techniques which carried out for fast and rapid
construction in an unusual structure like cooling towers, chimneys, silo
and also in roadway construction bridge construction.
 Slip formwork techniques are carried out for structure heights more than
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16 m and its very rapid and time saving erection techniques and also
economical.
 Slip forming considers mainly 7.2 m per day which is fastest erection
procedure.
 They content various components and after the completion of curtain
height concreting by the hydraulic jack it lifted up and further concreting
could be done.
 Hence these methods are rapid, time saving; economical and less labor
force is required.
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Features of Slip-form Construction:
 The slip-form construction technique is a rapid and economic construction
method as compared to the conventional formwork technique.
 This helps to achieve huge cost saving. The technique is best suitable for
large building structures and bridges. When small structures are
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concerned, the projects with identical geometry can be easily completed

by slipform construction.
 Continuous movement of formwork in upward direction is performed in
slip form technique. The movement is facilitated by hydraulic jacks and
jack rods. In the construction of vertical structures, the rate of rising the
formwork upwards will be almost in the rate of 300mm per hour. These
rises with the help of the supports from other permanent parts of the
building.
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Applications of Slip-form Technique:
1. Construction of Regular core high rise structures
 The slip-form construction technique to be used in high rise building
construction will be performed by vertically extruding the reinforced
concrete section. Regular shaped core structures and buildings are easily
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constructed by this method.

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2. Slipform Technique for Chimney Construction
 The slipform technique used for the construction of large chimneys,
cooling towers and piers are called as tapered slipform.
 This technique is used for constructing vertical structures with varying
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wall thickness, or shapes or diameters.

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3. Construction of Steel Tanks:
 Slipform construction technique helps to construct the large volume
cisterns in industries and factories in a cost effective way.
4. Construction of Water Towers:
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 The slipform technique helps to construct the walls of water tanks

uniformly  with better quality. Tanks of thousands of litres are easily
constructed by this method.
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  Underpinning:
 Underpinning is a method for repair and strengthening of building
foundations.
 There are situations where a failure in foundation or footing happens
unexpectedly after the completion of whole structure (both sub and
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superstructure).
 Under such an emergency situation, a remedial method has to be
suggested to regain the structural stability.
 The method of underpinning help to strengthen the foundation of an
existing building or any other infrastructure. These involve installation of
permanent or temporary support to an already held foundation so that
additional depth and bearing capacity is achieved.
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Underpinning
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Types of works for selection of underpinning methods:
 Conversion Works
• The structure has to be converted to another function, which requires
stronger foundation compared to existing
 Protection Works
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The following problems of a building has to undergo protection works:

• The existing foundation is not strong or stable
• Nearby excavation would affect the soil that supports existing footing.
• Stabilization of the foundation soil to resist against natural calamities.
• Requirement of basement below an already existing structure
 Remedial Works
• Mistakes in initial foundation design caused subsidence of the structure
work on present structure than building a new one
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Structural Conditions which Requires Underpinning
There are many reasons that make an engineer to suggest underpinning
method for stabilization of the substructure such as:
 The degradation of timber piles used as a foundation for normal buildings
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would cause settlement. This degradation of structures is due to water

table fluctuations.
 Rise and lowering of the water table can cause a decrease of bearing
capacity of soil making the structure to settle.
 Structures that are built over soil with a bearing capacity not suitable for
the structure would cause settlement.
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Underpinning
  Scaffolding:
 Scaffolding is a temporary structure to support the original structure as
well as workmen use it as a platform to carry out construction works.
 Types of scaffolding varies with the type of construction work.
 Scaffolding is made up of timber or steel. It should be stable and strong to
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support workmen and other construction material placed on it.

Types of Scaffolding used in Construction:
1. Single scaffolding
2. Double scaffolding
3. Cantilever scaffolding
4. Suspended scaffolding
5. Trestle scaffolding
6. Steel scaffolding
7. Patented scaffolding
  Components of scaffolding:

1. Standards: These are vertical members supported on firm ground.

2. Ledgers: Ledgers are flat tubes that join between the standards and
running parallel to wall.
3. Braces: These are diagonal members fixed to standards
4. Putlogs: These are the members placed on ledgers at right angles to the
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walls, with one end supported on ledger and other end on wall.
5. Boarding or Planks: These are horizontal platforms for workmen to
stand, support to keep materials and appliances. Boarding’s are supported
on ledgers.
6. Guard Boards: To guard against.
7. Toe Board: These are boards placed parallel to ledgers and used for
protection at level of working platform.
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Types of Scaffolding used in Construction:
1. Single scaffolding
2. Double scaffolding
3. Cantilever scaffolding
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4. Suspended scaffolding
5. Trestle scaffolding
6. Steel scaffolding
7. Patented scaffolding
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1. Single Scaffolding:
 Single scaffolding is generally used for brick masonry and is also called as
brick layer’s scaffolding.
 Single scaffolding consists of standards, ledgers, putlogs etc., which is
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parallel to the wall at a distance of about 1.2 m.

 Distance between the standards is about 2 to 2.5 m. Ledgers connect the
standards at vertical interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m. Putlogs are taken out from
the hole left in the wall to one end of the ledgers. Putlogs are placed at an
interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.
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Single Scaffolding:
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2. Double Scaffolding:
 Double Scaffolding is generally used for stone masonry so, it is also called
as mason’s scaffolding. Also used where holes in the wall cannot be done.
 In stone walls, it is hard to make holes in the wall to support putlogs. So,
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two rows of scaffolding is constructed to make it strong.

 The first row is 20 – 30 cm away from the wall and the other one is 1m
away from the first row.
 Then putlogs are placed which are supported by the both frames.
 To make it more strong rakers and cross braces are provided.
 This is also called as independent scaffolding.
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Double Scaffolding
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3. Cantilever Scaffolding:
 This a type of scaffolding in which the standards are supported on series
of needles and these needles are taken out through holes in the wall. This
is called single frame type scaffolding.
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 In the other type needles are strutted inside the floors through the
openings and this is called independent or double frame type scaffolding.
 Care should be taken while construction of cantilever scaffolding.
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Cantilever Scaffolding
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Cantilever Scaffolding
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4. Suspended Scaffolding:
 In suspended scaffolding, the working platform is suspended from roofs
with the help of wire ropes or chains etc.
 It can be raised or lowered to our required level.
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 This type of scaffolding is used for repair works, pointing, paintings etc..
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5. Trestle Scaffolding:
 In Trestle scaffolding, the working platform is supported on movable
tripods or ladders. This is generally used for work inside the room, such as
paintings, repairs etc., up to a height of 5m.
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6. Steel Scaffolding:
 Steel scaffolding is constructed by steel tubes which are fixed together by
steel couplers or fittings.
 It is very easy to construct or dismantle.
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 It has greater strength, greater durability and higher fire resistance.

 It is not economical but will give more safety for workers.
 So, it is used extensively nowadays.
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Steel Scaffolding
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7. Patented Scaffolding:
 Patented scaffoldings are made up of steel but these are equipped with
special couplings and frames etc.
 These are readymade scaffoldings which are available in the market.
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 In this type of scaffolding working platform is arranged on brackets which

can be adjustable to our required level.
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Patented Scaffolding