UNIVERSAL MOTOR
Can run on either dc or ac power
A series wound dc motor
A double-excited motor
High starting torque and a variable speed
characteristics
Runs at dangerously high speed on no load
Input range is few watts to 2000 watts
1
2
PARTS
Stator: field windings to generate the radial
magnetic flux
Rotor: armature winding supplied with
current through the carbon brushes to generate
magnetic flux
Brushes: mechanical linking of power supply
and rotor windings
Commutator & a compensating winding
3
UNIVERSAL MOTOR FROM A
BLENDER
Fig.1 Fig.2
4
CONSTRUCTION
Permanent magnets in dc motor is replaced
by electromagnets
manufactured in two types
1. Concentrated-pole, non-compensated
2. Distributed-field compensated
5
Contd…
Concentrated-pole, non-compensated
low rating
Stator: Two salient poles & like a two pole dc
series motor except that whole of its magnetic
path is laminated
Rotor: wound type and a small dc motor with
laminated core having straight slots having
armature winding is connected to the commutator
6
Contd…
Distributed-field compensated
high rating
Stator: Similar to that of a split phase motor
Rotor: Wound type similar to that of a small d.c.
motor
Compensating winding is used to reduce the
reactance voltage present in the armature when motor
runs on ac supply
The reactance of the field winding can be kept low by
limiting the number of turns. 7
OPERATION
With input DC power, the stator coils as permanent magnets
like a DC motor & continues to rotate in the same direction
the current through the rotor also reverses the current through
the electromagnets
every pole of the motor changes from north to south or from
south to north
[Link]
8
m
Contd…
With input AC power, it reverses the poles and thus the
direction of rotation is obtained.
experiences no torque during current reversal, but the
average torque is sufficient to turn the motor as if it were
connected to a DC power supply.
different rotational speeds can be achieved by varying
the amount of current reaching the electromagnets.
The starting torque of a universal motor is determined by
the current that flows through the armature
[Link]
9
m
ADVANTAGES
Simple structure
Robust
Small size & compact
Portable
Good power density characteristics
Rotates more than 3000 to 25000 rpm
[Link]
10
m
DISADVANTAGES
Sparks occurring between brushes & commutator due to their
imperfect electrical contact leads to loud noise while operating
As a result life of brushes is reduced
High maintenance requirements
High peak to peak current gains poor motor efficiency
High brush temperature results in limited motor lifetime
APPLICATIONS
Speed control and high torque are required
Typical applications are in the field of power tools and home
appliances like mixers, washing machine.
[Link]
11
m
CHARACTERISTICS
[Link]
12
m
Contd…
Torque is inversely proportional to speed & directly
proportional to the current
More current flows at high speed, torque increases
as magnetic flux density also increase
low speed tends to cause magnetic saturation,
deteriorates the characteristic of the motor
Rotation speed is determined by the no. of
windings
[Link]
13
m
CONTROL ASPECTS
In domestic appliances, Electric motors the ability
to control its speed
Two control methods
1. Phase angle control
2. Chopper control
[Link]
14
m
PHASE ANGLE CONTROL
[Link]
15
m
Contd…
Phase angle control is a simple and cost-effective
solution
The speed of a universal motor is controlled by
using a triac.
The gate of the triac can be controlled directly by
the output ports of a microcontroller
The whole circuitry is usually connected directly to
the mains.
[Link]
16
m
Contd…
Advantages
1. simplicity
2. cost effectiveness
3. full speed control
Disadvantages
1. high brush noise
2. short lifetime
3. high current ripple [Link]
17
m
