OPERATING SYSTEM

AJAZ KHAN BAIG

Class : BSSE SEMESTER 4

Credit Hours ( 3+1)
LAB 2
Contents
Linux
Linux short history
File structure/ directory
Components
Linux architecture
Linux modes
Linux features
Shell and basic command s of shells
Window file system

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 What is Unix?
A multi-task and multi-user Operating System
Developed in 1969 at AT&T’s Bell Labs by
Ken Thompson (Unix)
Dennis Ritchie (C)
Douglas Mcllroy (Pipes - Do one thing, do it well)

Some other variants: System V, Solaris, SCO Unix,

SunOS, 4.4BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, BSDI
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What is Linux?
A clone (duplicate, replica, carbon copy) of Unix
Developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, a graduate student
Inspired by and replacement of Minix
Linus' Minix became Linux
Consist of  Linux Kernel 
GNU (GNU is Not Unix) Software 
Software Package management  etc
Originally developed for 32-bit x86-based PC
Ported to other architectures,

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linux
Popular version of UNIX operating System

It is open source as its source code is freely available.

It is free to use.

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 Components of Linux System
Kernel
Kernel is the core part of Linux.
responsible for all major activities of this operating system.
it interacts directly with the underlying hardware
System Library
System libraries are special functions or programs using which
application programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's features.
do not requires kernel module's code access rights.
System Utility
System Utility programs are responsible to do specialized, individual
level tasks.
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Linux Modes
Kernel Mode
 Kernel component code executes in a special privileged mode called kernel
mode with full access to all resources of the computer.
 Single process, executes in single address space and do not require any
context switch
 Very efficient and fast.
 provides protected access to hardware to processes.

User Mode
 No accessto system hardware and kernel code.
 User programs and other system programs works in User Mode
 User programs/ utilities use System libraries to access Kernel functions

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 Portable:
Linux Features
 Linux kernel and application programs support their installation on any kind of
hardware platform.
 Open Source
 Linux source code is freely available

 Multi-User
 multiple users can access system resources

 Multiprogramming
 multiple applications can run at same time.

 Hierarchical File System

 standard file structure in which system files/ user files are arranged.

 Shell ----Like DOS in windows

 Security
 provides user security using authentication features like password protection/

controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.

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 Linux Architecture
Hardware layer –
Hardware consists of all peripheral devices (RAM/ HDD/ CPU etc.).
Kernel –
Core component of Operating System, interacts directly with hardware,
provides low level services to upper layer components.
Shell –
An interface to kernel, hiding complexity of kernel's functions from
users. Takes commands from user and executes kernel's functions.
Utilities –
 Utility programs giving user most of the functionalities of an operating
systems. 11
Linux Architecture

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 Linux File System
• In Linux all directories are attached to the root
directory, which is identified by a forward-slash, "/". -
root.

• For example, below are some second-level directories:

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• /bin  System binaries, including the • /proc  Kernel-processes pseudo file-
command shell system
• /boot  Boot-up routines • /root  Administrator’s home directory
• /dev  Device files • /sbin  System administration binaries
• /etc  System configuration files • /usr  User-oriented software
• /home  User directories • /var  Various other files: mail,
spooling and logging
• /lib  Shared libraries and modules
• /mnt  Mounted file-systems
• /lost+found  Lost-cluster files, recovered
from a disk-check • /opt  Optional software
`

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 Directory Structure
 A hierarchal file system structure

 At top a ROOT (/) directory with other directories and files hanging under
it

 When a user logged in, he/she is placed in his/her HOME (~) directory

/ students

ali … kamran … mohsin

bin dev home … sbin usr

personal … courses
faculty … students
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CS401 … CS405
Computer storage
A binary system with
information stored as on
or off A kilobyte (KB)

A bit A megabyte (MB)

A byte A gigabyte (GB) …

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 Permanent storage
Disks – physical storage:
Hard disks
Floppy disks; CDs; Zip disks …

Disk Drives – input/output devices to the disks:

Hard drive
Floppy disk drive; Zip drive; CD drive or CD

read/writer …
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 Computer storage
Disk drives are referenced by using a letter
followed by a colon:
A: the floppy disk drive
C: the hard disk drive
Depending on the configuration of the computer:
D: or E: a CD drive or Zip drive
F: or greater a network drive
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Directories/folders
Directories or folders are the key to
creating order on a disk

Directories can contain files and/or other

directories

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The root directory
A root (or original) directory is automatically created for
each disk

The root is the start of the directory structure

It is referenced by a backward-leaning slash: \

For example, A:\ C:\ D:\

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The hierarchical structure
As directories can hold other directories, the disks become
split into a hierarchy of directories

/ R o ot

M y D o c u m e n ts P ro g ra m F ile s W in d o w s N T

L e tte rs R e p o r ts C o n tr a c ts W o rd S P S S P ic t u r e s

2 00 1 2 0 0 2

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Files
Types of file:
- program
- user-created
- executable

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 File suffixes
 .doc = Word

 .xls = Excel

 .htm(l) = Internet

 .pdf = Acrobat

 .ppt = PowerPoint

 .mdb = Access
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Booting up Linux O.S.
After pressing POWER button, a code stored in ROM (read only
memory) will run called BIOS

BIOS has 02 basic functions to perform:

 Memory/ device detection and diagnostic checks
 Loading a bootstrap program from the boot disk into memory. Which will
eventually load the operating system

Some initial processes are created duringDaemon

bootstrapping in Linux
are the processes that run in background

e.g. "swapper", "init", "pagedaemon"

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Shells
Shells in Linux are like Command Prompt in Window OS

Its purpose is to read and execute the user commands

Some famous shells in Linux are:

Bourne Shell (sh)
C Shell (csh)
Bourne Again Shell (bash)
TC Shell (tcsh)
Korn Shell (ksh)

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Useful Commands
Display directory contents
$ ls
$ ls -a (Display all files in working directory)
$ ls –l (Listing/ Details)
Create Directory
$ mkdir directory_name
$ mkdir ~/courses/cs509
 Press ‘tab’ key and see how it helps you during specifying a path
Delete Directory
$ rmdir courses
Change Directory [Working directory]
$ cd ~/courses/cs508

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 Basic Commands
Commands Commands

 ls show files in current position su switch user

 cd change directory passwd change password
 cp copy file or directory useradd create new user account
 mv move file or directory userdel delete user account
 rm remove file or directory mount mount file system
 pwd show current position umount unmount file system
 mkdir create directory df show disk space usage
 rmdir remove directory shutdown reboot or turn off machine
 less, more, cat display file contents

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Useful Commands
Display Abs Path of Working Directory
$ pwd

Copy Files

$ cp ~/file1 ~/course/file2
Move File
$ mv ~/file1 ~/course/file2

Removing Files
$ rm file1
$ rm *.o
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Useful Commands
For more commands visit following web contents:

http://linuxcommand.org/learning_the_shell.php
http://ss64.com/bash/
vic.gedris.org/Manual-ShellIntro/1.2/ShellIntro.pdf
http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html

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Summary
In this LAB following topics were covered:
Linux history
Linux directory
Linux directory
Linux file systems
Linux commands

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