LECTURE-10
10-03-T20
The Cerebrum
Prepared by:
Dr . ARSHAD ANIS (PT)
DPT IPM&R(KMU)
MS-NMPT RIPHAH*
GENERAL APPEARANCE OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
The cerebral hemispheres are the largest part of the brain; they
are separated by a deep midline sagittal fissure, the
longitudinal cerebral fissure.
The fissure contains the sickle-shaped fold of dura mater, the
falx cerebri, and the anterior cerebral arteries.
In the depths of the fissure, the great commissure, the corpus
callosum, connects the hemispheres across the midline
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A second horizontal fold of dura mater separates the
cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum and is called
the tentorium cerebelli.
To increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex
maximally, the surface of each cerebral hemisphere is
thrown into folds or gyri, which are separated from
each other by sulci or fissures
Sulci and Gyri
The sulci
1. Central sulci
2. Parieto-occipital sulci
3. Lateral sulci
4. Calcarine sulci
They divide the cerebral hemisphere into
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Occipital lobes
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MAIN SULCI
The central sulcus is of great importance because
The gyrus that lies anterior to it contains the motor cells that initiate
the movements of the opposite side of the body
Posterior to it lies the general sensory cortex that receives sensory
information from the opposite side of the body.
The central sulcus indents the superior medial border of the
hemisphere about 0.4 inch (1 cm) behind the midpoint .
It runs downward and forward across the lateral aspect of the
hemisphere, and its lower end is separated from the posterior ramus of
the lateral sulcus by a narrow bridge of cortex
The lateral sulcus is a deep cleft found mainly on the
inferior and lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemisphere.
It consists of a short stem that divides into three rami.
The stem arises on the inferior surface, and on reaching
the lateral surface, it divides into the anterior horizontal
ramus and the anterior ascending ramus and continues as
the posterior ramus
An area of cortex called the insula lies at the bottom of
the deep lateral sulcus and cannot be seen from the
surface unless the lips of the sulcus are separated
The parieto-occipital sulcus begins on the
superior medial margin of the hemisphere about
2 inches (5 cm) anterior to the occipital pole.
It passes downward and anteriorly on the medial
surface to meet the calcarine sulcus.
The calcarine sulcus is found on the medial
surface of the hemisphere
LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
Superolateral Surface of the Hemisphere
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobe occupies the area anterior to the central sulcus and
superior to the lateral sulcus
The superolateral surface of the frontal lobe is divided by three sulci into
four gyri
The precentral sulcus runs parallel to the central sulcus, and the
precentral gyrus lies between them
Extending anteriorly from the precentral sulcus are the superior and
inferior frontal sulci.
The superior frontal gyrus lies superior to the superior frontal
sulcus,
The middle frontal gyrus lies between the superior and inferior
frontal sulci,
The inferior frontal gyrus lies inferior to the inferior frontal
sulcus
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Parietal lobe
The parietal lobe occupies the area posterior
to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral
sulcus; it extends posteriorly as far as the
parieto-occipital sulcus
The lateral surface of the parietal lobe is
divided by two sulci into three gyri.
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Parietal lobe
The postcentral sulcus runs parallel to the central sulcus, and
the postcentral gyrus lies between them.
Running posteriorly from the middle of the postcentral sulcus
is the intraparietal sulcus
Superior to the intraparietal sulcus is the superior parietal
lobule (gyrus), and inferior to the intraparietal sulcus is the
inferior parietal lobule (gyrus)
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Temporal lobe
The temporal lobe occupies the area inferior to the lateral sulcus.
The lateral surface of the temporal lobe is divided into three gyri
by two sulci.
The superior and middle temporal sulci run parallel to the
posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus and divide the temporal lobe
into the superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri;
The occipital lobe occupies the small area behind the parieto-
occipital sulcus
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Medial and Inferior Surfaces of the Hemisphere
The corpus callosum, which is the largest commissure of the
brain, forms a striking feature on this surface
The cingulate gyrus begins beneath the anterior end of the corpus
callosum and continues above the corpus callosum until it reaches
its posterior end
The gyrus is separated from the corpus callosum by the callosal
sulcus.
The cingulate gyrus is separated from the superior frontal gyrus by
the cingulate sulcus
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Paracentral lobule
The paracentral lobule is the area of the
cerebral cortex that surrounds the indentation
produced by the central sulcus on the superior
border.
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Precuneus
The precuneus is an area of cortex bounded
Anteriorly by the upturned posterior end of the
cingulate sulcus
Posteriorly by the parieto-occipital sulcus
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The collateral sulcus is situated on the inferior
surface of the hemisphere.
This runs anteriorly below the calcarine sulcus.
Between the collateral sulcus and the calcarine
sulcus is the lingual gyrus
Anterior to the lingual gyrus is the
parahippocampal gyrus; the latter terminates in
front as the hooklike uncus
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The medial occipitotemporal gyrus extends
from the occipital pole to the temporal pole.
It is bounded medially by the collateral and
rhinal sulci and laterally by the
occipitotemporal sulcus.
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On the inferior surface of the frontal lobe, the
olfactory bulb and tract overlie a sulcus called
the olfactory sulcus.
Medial to the olfactory sulcus is the
gyrus rectus, and lateral to the sulcus are
a number of orbital gyri
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THANK YOU
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