LECTURE-11
11-03-T20
Cerebrum
Prepared by:
Dr . ARSHAD ANIS (PT)
DPT IPM&R(KMU)
MS-NMPT RIPHAH*
Internal Structure of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Lateral Ventricles
There are two lateral ventricles, and one is present in each
cerebral hemisphere
Each ventricle is a roughly C-shaped cavity lined with ependyma
and filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
The lateral ventricle may be divided into a body, which occupies
the parietal lobe, and from which anterior, posterior, and
inferior horns extend into the frontal, occipital, and temporal
lobes, respectively.
The lateral ventricle communicates with the cavity of the third
ventricle through the interventricular foramen
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Basal Nuclei
The term basal nuclei (basal ganglia) is applied to a
collection of masses of gray matter situated within
each cerebral hemisphere.
They are the corpus striatum
Amygdaloid nucleus
Claustrum
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Corpus Striatum
The corpus striatum is situated lateral to the
thalamus.
It is almost completely divided by a band of
nerve fibers, the internal capsule, into the
caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus
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Caudate nucleus
The caudate nucleus, a large C-shaped mass
of gray matter that is closely related to the
lateral ventricle, lies lateral to the thalamus
The lateral surface of the nucleus is related to
the internal capsule, which separates it from
the lentiform nucleus.
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Lentiform nucleus
A wedge-shaped mass of gray matter
It is buried deep in the white matter of the cerebral
hemisphere and is related medially to the internal capsule,
which separates it from the caudate nucleus and the thalamus.
The lentiform nucleus is related laterally to a thin sheet of
white matter, the external capsule
That separates it from a thin sheet of gray matter, called the
claustrum
The claustrum , in turn, separates the external capsule from
the subcortical white matter of the insula.
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Amygdaloid Nucleus
The amygdaloid nucleus is situated in the
temporal lobe close to the uncus
The amygdaloid nucleus is considered part of
the limbic system
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Claustrum
The claustrum is a thin sheet of gray matter
that is separated from the lateral surface of the
lentiform nucleus by the external capsule
Lateral to the claustrum is the subcortical white
matter of the insula.
The function of the claustrum is unknown
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White Matter of the Cerebral Hemispheres
The white matter is composed of myelinated nerve
fibers of different diameters supported by neuroglia.
The nerve fibers may be classified into three groups
according to their connections
Commissural fibers
Association fibers
Projection fibers.
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Commissure Fibers
Commissure fibers essentially connect corresponding regions
of the two hemispheres.
The corpus callosum
The anterior commissure
The posterior commissure
The fornix
The habenular commissure.
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Corpus callosum
The corpus callosum, the largest commissure
of the brain, connects the two cerebral
hemispheres
It lies at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure
it is divided into
1. The rostrum
2. The genu
3. The body
4. The splenium.
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Corpus callosum
The rostrum is the thin part of the anterior end
of the corpus callosum
The genu is the curved anterior end of the
corpus callosum
The body of the corpus callosum arches
posteriorly and ends as the thickened posterior
portion called the splenium
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Cont..
Traced laterally, the fibers of the genu curve
forward into the frontal lobes and form the
forceps minor
The fibers of the body extend laterally as the
radiation of the corpus callosum
The fibers in the splenium arch backward into
the occipital lobe and form the forceps major
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Cont..
Anterior commissure : The fibers of the anterior commissure
can be traced laterally and posteriorly on either side beneath
the corpus striatum into the substance of the temporal lobe
Posterior commissure: is a bundle of nerve fibers that crosses
the midline immediately above the opening of the cerebral
aqueduct into the third ventricle
The fibers from the pretectal nuclei
This commissure on their way to the parasympathetic part of the
oculomotor nuclei.
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Fornix
The fornix is composed of myelinated nerve fibers and constitutes the efferent system
of the hippocampus that passes to the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus.
The nerve fibers first form the alveus which is a thin layer of white matter covering
the ventricular surface of the hippocampus, and then converge to form the fimbria.
The fimbriae of the two sides increase in thickness and, on reaching the posterior end
of the hippocampus, arch forward above the thalamus and below the corpus callosum
to form the posterior columns of the fornix.
The two columns then come together in the midline to form the body of the fornix
The function of the commissure of the fornix is to connect the hippocampal
formations of the two sides.
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Habenular commissure
The habenular commissure is a small bundle of
nerve fibers that crosses the midline in the
superior part of the root of the pineal stalk
The commissure is associated with the
habenular nuclei
The habenular nuclei receive many afferents
from the amygdaloid nuclei and the hippocampus
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Association Fibers
Association fibers are nerve fibers that
essentially connect various cortical regions
within the same hemisphere and may be
divided into short and long groups
The short association fibers lie immediately
beneath the cortex and connect adjacent gyri
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Long association fibers
1.
The uncinate fasciculus connects the first motor speech area and
the gyri on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe with the cortex
of the pole of the temporal lobe.
The cingulum is a long, curved fasciculus lying within the white
matter of the cingulate gyrus It connects the frontal and parietal
lobes with parahippocampal and adjacent temporal cortical
regions
The superior longitudinal fasciculus
is the largest bundle of nerve fibers. It connects the anterior part
of the frontal lobe to the occipital and temporal lobes
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The inferior longitudinal fasciculus
runs anteriorly from the occipital lobe, passing
lateral to the optic radiation,
and is distributed to the temporal lobe
The fronto-occipital fasciculus connects the
frontal lobe to the occipital and temporal lobes.
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Projection Fibers
Afferent and efferent nerve fibers passing to and
from the brainstem to the entire cerebral cortex must
travel between large nuclear masses of gray matter
within the cerebral hemisphere.
At the upper part of the brainstem, these fibers form
a compact band known as the internal capsule,
which is flanked medially by the caudate nucleus
and the thalamus and laterally by the lentiform
nucleus
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Projection Fibers
Once the nerve fibers have emerged superiorly
from between the nuclear masses, they radiate
in all directions to the cerebral cortex. These
radiating projection fibers are known as the
corona radiata
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THANK YOU
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