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01c-Terrestial Ecosystem

Forest ecosystems occupy nearly 40% of the world's land area. They are characterized by tall, dense trees that support many animal and bird species. Grassland ecosystems cover 20% of the Earth's surface and include grass species, some trees and shrubs. They provide grazing areas but overgrazing can lead to degradation. Desert ecosystems occupy 35% of the world's land area and are defined by receiving less than 25cm of annual rainfall, resulting in a dry atmosphere and poor soil quality with low vegetation.

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103 views20 pages

01c-Terrestial Ecosystem

Forest ecosystems occupy nearly 40% of the world's land area. They are characterized by tall, dense trees that support many animal and bird species. Grassland ecosystems cover 20% of the Earth's surface and include grass species, some trees and shrubs. They provide grazing areas but overgrazing can lead to degradation. Desert ecosystems occupy 35% of the world's land area and are defined by receiving less than 25cm of annual rainfall, resulting in a dry atmosphere and poor soil quality with low vegetation.

Uploaded by

leela777
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM

1. FOREST ECOSYSTEM

2. GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM

3. DESERT ECOSYSTEM

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1.FOREST
Shrubs
ECOSYSTEM Maple

A tall and dense trees grow


- supports many animals and birds
Found in undisturbed areas
- receives moderate to high rainfall

Occupies nearly 40 % of the world’s land area.


In India, it occupies only 19 % of its total land area.
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TYPES of FOREST ECOSYSTEM
1. Tropical Rain Forest:
Characterized by high temperature (near
the equator) & have the broad leaf trees
Teak, Sandal / Lion, Tiger & Monkey

2. Tropical Deciduous Forest


Characterized by a warm climate (little
away from the equator).
Rain only during monsoon
Maple, Oak, hickary / Deer, Fox & Rabbit
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3. Tropical Scrub forest
Characterized by a dry climate.
Small deciduous trees & shrubs / deer & fox

4. Temperate rain forest


Characterized by adequate rainfall.
Pines, red wood / squirrels, fox & bears

5. Temperate deciduous forest


Characterized by moderate temperature.
Oak & hickory; deer, fox & bear.
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Characteristics of forest ecosystem
Characterized by warm temperature and adequate
rainfall – generate the number of ponds & lakes.
Maintains climate & rainfall
Support many wild animals and protect biodiversity
Rich in organic matter and nutrients – support the
growth of trees.
Penetration of light is so poor – conversion of organic
matter into nutrients is very fast
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Structure (components) and Functions
Abiotic components
Climatic factors (temp, light, rainfall) and minerals

Biotic components
Producers – Tress, shrubs & ground vegetarian
Consumers
Primary: Ants, flies, insects, mice, deer, squirrels
Secondary: Snakes, birds, fox
Tertiary: Tiger, lion
Decomposers – bacteria & fungi
Rate of decomposition in tropical forests is more rapid than in the
temperature forests.
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2.GRASSLAND
ECOSYSTEM
It occupies 20 % of earth’s surface.
Along with grass species, some trees and shrubs are
also present.

Limited grazing helps to improve the net primary


production of grasslands . But
Overgrazing leads to degradation of this land, resulting
in Desertification. 1 8
Types of grass lands
 Tropical (Savanna) – near the borders of tropical rain
forests. Characterized by high temperature and moderate
rainfall (40 to 100 cm) – Zebras, giraffes
 Temperate – Centers of continents, on flat & sloped hills.
Characterized by very cold winters and hot summers.
 Polar – arctic polar regions. Characterized by severe cold
and strong winds along with ice and snow – arctic wolf,
fox

Polar Temperate tropical

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Characteristics
Grassland ecosystem is a plain land occupied by
grasses.

Soil is very rich in nutrients and organic matter.

It has tall grass, it is ideal place for grazing.

It is characterized by low or uneven rainfall.

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Structure (components) and Functions

Abiotic components
Nutrients, C , H, O, N, P, S – supplied by CO2, O2, Nitrates,
phosphates and sulphates.

Biotic components
Producers – Grasses, forbs and shrubs
Consumers
Primary (Herbivores): Cows, buffaloes, deer
Secondary (Carnivores): Snakes, lizards, birds, fox
Tertiary: Hawks, Eagles
Decomposers – bacteria & fungi

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3.DESERT ECOSYSTEM
It occupies 35 % of world’s land area.
Less than 25 cm rainfall
Atmosphere is dry, act as poor insulator

TYPES
Tropical deserts
Temperate deserts
Cold deserts
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Sahara (Africa) and Thar (India)
Wind blow and sand dunes are
very common
Tropical desert

Majave (South California)


Very hot summer and very cool
Temperate desert winter time
Cold desert

Gobi (China)
Cold winters and warm summers

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Characteristics

Air is dry and climate is hot

Annual rainfall is less than 25 cm

Soil is very poor in nutrient and organic


matter

Vegetation is poor.

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Structure (components) and Functions
Abiotic components
Climatic factors (Temperature), rainfall, sunlight, water

Biotic components
Producers – shrubs, some grasses and few trees –
Mostly Succulent plants – Water inside to stay alive
Waxy layer (outside) to protect from sun
Consumers - Squirrels, mice, foxes, rabbis, deer –
Dig holes in the ground and live in. Come out for food in the night time.

Extract water from the seeds they eat


Decomposers – bacteria & fungi
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Poor vegetation with a very low amount of dead organic matter.
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