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CollegeAlgebra 01 Algebra+Essentials

The document defines various types of real numbers like natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. It also covers important algebraic concepts such as the order of operations, properties of real numbers, rules of exponents, scientific notation, and how to simplify expressions involving square roots and radicals. The goal is to provide foundational knowledge of numbers and algebraic operations that are essential for college algebra.

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Ric Napus
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144 views25 pages

CollegeAlgebra 01 Algebra+Essentials

The document defines various types of real numbers like natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. It also covers important algebraic concepts such as the order of operations, properties of real numbers, rules of exponents, scientific notation, and how to simplify expressions involving square roots and radicals. The goal is to provide foundational knowledge of numbers and algebraic operations that are essential for college algebra.

Uploaded by

Ric Napus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Algebra Essentials

College Algebra
Mathematics, the Language of Science

• Earliest use of numbers occurred


100 centuries ago in the Middle
East to count items

• Farmers, cattlemen, and


tradesmen used tokens, stones,
or markers to signify a single item

• Made commerce possible and lead Yuan Dynasty iron magic square
to improved communications and showing Persian/ Arabic numbers (ca.
spread of civilization 1271 – 1368)
Real Numbers
•  Natural numbers:  numbers used for counting: {1,2,3,…}

• Whole numbers:  natural numbers plus zero: {0,1,2,3,…}

• Integers:  adds negative natural numbers to the set of whole numbers: {…,


−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,…}

• Rational numbers includes fractions written as { | and  are integers and }

• Irrational numbers is the set of numbers that are not rational, are
nonrepeating, and are nonterminating: { is not a rational number}
Real Numbers

There is a subset relationship between the sets of numbers


N : the set of natural numbers, W : the set of whole numbers, I : the set of
integers, Q : the set of rational numbers, Q´: the set of irrational numbers
Order of Operations
Operations in mathematical expressions must be evaluated in a systematic
order, which can be simplified using the acronym PEMDAS:

• P(arentheses)
• E(xponents)
• M(ultiplication) and D(ivision)
• A(ddition) and S(ubtraction)
Simplify a Mathematical Expression using the
Order of Operations

1. Simplify any expressions within grouping symbols

2. Simplify any expressions containing exponents or radicals

3. Perform any multiplication and division in order, from left to right

4. Perform any addition and subtraction in order, from left to right


Properties of Real Numbers
Addition Multiplication
Commutative Property
Associative Property
Distributive Property
Identity Property There exists a unique real number There exists a unique real number
called the additive identity, 0, such called the multiplicative identity, 1,
that, for any real number such that, for any real number

Inverse Property Every real number a has an Every nonzero real number has a
additive inverse, or opposite, multiplicative inverse, or
denoted , such that reciprocal, denoted , such that

The properties hold for real numbers a, b, and c


Evaluate and Simplify Algebraic Expressions

• Algebraic expression: collection of constants and variables joined by


the algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division
• Equation: mathematical statement indicating that two expressions are
equal
• Formula:  equation expressing a relationship between constant and
variable quantities 

Simplify algebraic expression to make it easier to evaluate using the


properties of real numbers. We can use the same properties in formulas
because they contain algebraic expressions.
Desmos Interactive

Topic: explore how changing length or width changes the area of a rectangle

https://www.desmos.com/calculator/eq1cow0lcj
Rule of Exponents

•The
  Product Rule: For any real number  and natural numbers  and , the
product rule of exponents states that
Rule of Exponents

•The
  Quotient Rule: For any real number  and natural numbers  the
quotient rule of exponents states that
Rule of Exponents

•The
  Power Rule: For any real number  and positive integers  and , the
power rule of exponents states that
Zero and Negative Rule of Exponents

•Zero
  Exponent Rule: For any nonzero real number , the zero exponent
rule of exponents states that

Negative Exponent Rule: For any nonzero real number  and natural


number , the negative rule of exponents states that
The Power of a Product Rule of Exponents

•For
  any real numbers  and  and any integer , the power of a product rule of
exponents states that
The Power of a Quotient Rule of Exponents

•For
  any real numbers  and  and any integer , the power of a product rule of
exponents states that
Scientific Notation

•A
  number is written in scientific notation if it is written in the form
, where and  is an integer

• To convert a number in scientific notation to standard notation, simply


reverse the process

• Scientific notation, used with the rules of exponents, makes calculating


with large or small numbers much easier than doing so using standard
notation
Summary: Exponents and Scientific Notation

Rule of Exponents
For nonzero real numbers and and integers and
Product Rule =
Quotient Rule
Power Rule
Power Rule
Zero Exponent Rule =1
Zero Exponent Rule
Negative Rule
Negative Rule
Power of a Product Rule
QuotientRule
Power of a Product Rule
Power of a Quotient Rule
Square Root

• The principal
  square root of  is the nonnegative number that, when
multiplied by itself, equals .
• It is written as a radical expression, with a symbol called a radical over
the term called the radicand: 
Product Rule for Simplifying Square Roots

•If  and  are
  nonnegative, the square root of the product  is equal to the
product of the square roots of  and 
The Quotient Rule for Simplifying Square Roots

•The
  square root of the quotient  is equal to the quotient of the square roots
of  and , where  
Operations on Square Roots

•Radical
  expression requiring addition or subtraction of square
roots:

1. Simplify each radical expression


2. Add or subtract expressions with equal radicands

Example:
• We can rewrite  as 
• Using the product rule, this becomes , or or
• Add the two terms that have the same radicand:
Operations on Square Roots

•Rationalize
  the denominator of an expression with a single square
root radical term in the denominator

1. Multiply the numerator and denominator by the radical in the


denominator
2. Simplify

Example:
• Multiply both the numerator and denominator by
• Simplify:
Operations on Square Roots

•Given
  an expression with a radical exponent, write the expression
as a radical
1. Determine the power by looking at the numerator of the exponent
2. Determine the root by looking at the denominator of the exponent
3. Using the base as the radicand, raise the radicand to the power and use
the root as the index

Example:
Nth Roots and Rational Exponents

  Root: If  is a real number with at least one n th root, then


•Nth
the principal n th root of , written as , is the number with the same sign
as  that, when raised to the n th power, equals . The index of the radical
is .

Rational exponents: another way to express principal n th roots. The


general form for converting between a radical expression with a radical
symbol and one with a rational exponent is
Quick Review
• What is the difference between a natural number and a whole number?
• What is a rational number?
• What is exponential notation?
• What is the order of operations for performing calculations?
• What is the commutative property of addition?
• What is the associative property of multiplication?
• What is the inverse property of multiplication?
• What is an equation?
• What is the product rule for exponents?
• What is the power rule for exponents?
• What is scientific notation?
• What is a radical expression?
• How do you simplify the square root of a product

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