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Power Control in Cdma

CDMA uses power control techniques to address the near-far problem where nearby users can drown out distant users transmitting at the same power. It employs open and closed loop power control where mobile stations make an initial transmission power estimate and the base station provides faster corrections through power adjustment commands. The goal is to keep all mobile station signals received at the base station at approximately the same power level to maximize capacity while minimizing interference.

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Teja Rsk
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96 views12 pages

Power Control in Cdma

CDMA uses power control techniques to address the near-far problem where nearby users can drown out distant users transmitting at the same power. It employs open and closed loop power control where mobile stations make an initial transmission power estimate and the base station provides faster corrections through power adjustment commands. The goal is to keep all mobile station signals received at the base station at approximately the same power level to maximize capacity while minimizing interference.

Uploaded by

Teja Rsk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER CONTROL IN CDMA

• Near- far Problem


• Path Loss
• Fading
Effective Power control is Required.

• CDMA will not work without effective power control, because of


near –far problem.
• The near-far problem arises when mobile user near a cell jams a
user that is distant from the cell (Assuming both are transmitting at
the same power).
• This problem may be despite high processing gain.
• An effective method to eliminate the near- far effect is therefore
necessary.
• Additionally , other factors such as path loss and fading result in
the need to control the mobile’s transmission power as well.1
Power Control In CDMA

The Power Control Solution


• It can be shown that capacity is maximized if all users are controlled
so that their signals reach the Base Station at approximately the same
power level.
• cdmaOne systems use a two-step approach to achieve Power
Control:
i. Open Loop Power Control
An original estimate is made by mobile.
ii. Closed Loop Power Control
A faster correction is made to this estimate, based on instruction
provided by the Base Station.
POWER CONTROL IN CDMA

– CDMA is an interference-limited system based on the number of


users, the interference comes mainly from nearby users
– each user is a noise source on the shared channel, this creates
a practical limit to how many users a system will sustain, so
CDMA also called soft capacity limit
– The goal is to keep each MS at the absolute minimum power
level necessary to ensure acceptable service quality
– Ideally the power received at the base station from each mobile
station should be the same (minimum signal to interference)
– MS which transmit excessive power increase interference to
other Mobile station
REVERSE OPEN LOOP POWER CONTROL

Reverse open loop power is mobile station controlling its transmit


power
Reverse open loop power control consists of :
estimating how strong the mobile station should transmit based on
measurement of how much power it is receiving from the base
station
The Reverse open loop method of power control provides a quick
response to changes in signal conditions and done during idle
conditions.
REVERSE CLOSED LOOP POWER CONTROL

•Consists of power up (0) & power down (1) commands sent to the mobile
stations, based upon their signal strength measured at the Base Station
and compared to a specified threshold (set point).
•Each command requests a 1dB increase or decrease of the mobile
station transmit power.
•Power Control is done at 800 times per second or every 1.25 ms.
Soft Handoffs
Soft handoffs refers to the state where the mobile is in
communication with multiple Base Stations at the same time. Soft
handoff is a make – before break type of handoff, whereby a mobile
acquires a target code channel before breaking an existing one.
Soft handoff is a special attribute of CDMA that is enabled by
universal frequency reuse.
Soft Handoff Increases Capacity
There are several important reasons to place in soft handoff any
additional Base Stations that can be detected by the mobile station,
as soon as possible:
• Improved voice quality – Cell boundaries usually offer poor
coverage coupled with increased interference from other cells,
therefore, Forward Traffic Channel diversity from additional cells will
improve voice quality.
• Controlled mobile station interference – Wile on a boundary of a
cell, the mobile station’s interference to mobile stations in other cells
Is maximal; it is important to be able to power these cells.
Cell B Cell A

Cell A
Cell B

Cell B

Cell A
• Reduced Call dropping probabilities – Handoff areas are areas in which
the Forward link is most vulnerable. A slow hand off process coupled
with a vehicle moving at high speed may cause the call to be dropped.
• Increased capacity and coverage – Soft handoff considerably increases
both the capacity of heavily loaded cellular system and the coverage of
each individual cell in a lightly loaded system.
Hard Handoff typically occurs farther away from
the serving Base Station = more power

CDMA Soft Handoff typically


begins closer to the previous
Base Station which results in
less power TX
Multipath
Better Use of Multipath
One of the main advantage of CDMA systems is their ability to use
signals that arrive in receivers with different time delays. This
phenomenon is called multipath.
The mobile can adjust for different delays and phase shifts of the
different multipath arrivals and then combine the arrivals
coherently.
FDMA ( analog cellular ) and TDMA, which are narrow band
systems, cannot discriminate between the multipath arrivals, and
resort to equalization to mitigate the negative effects of multipath.
Due to its wide bandwidth and rake receivers, CDMA uses the
multipath signals and combine them to make an even stronger
signal at the receivers.
Rake Receiver
CDMA subscriber units ( that is mobile ) use rake receivers. The rake
receiver is essentially a set of four or more receivers ( or fingers).
One of the receiver constantly searches for different multipath and
helps to direct the other three fingers to lock on to strong multipath
signals. Each finger then demodulates the signal corresponding to a
strong multipath. The results are combined to make the signal
stronger.
C
Correlator 1
O
M
B
Correlator 2 I
N
E
R
Correlator 3

Searcher
Correlator

Fig. Rake Recever

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