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TCP/IP and Upper Layer Protocols

DNS is a hierarchical naming system that translates human-readable domain names to machine-readable IP addresses. It works by having clients query authoritative DNS servers to lookup domain names and IP address mappings. There are different types of DNS servers like primary, secondary, and root servers that help facilitate this translation process. DNS is an important component of the internet that allows users and devices to locate websites and resources by domain name.

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Sarah Fatima
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138 views

TCP/IP and Upper Layer Protocols

DNS is a hierarchical naming system that translates human-readable domain names to machine-readable IP addresses. It works by having clients query authoritative DNS servers to lookup domain names and IP address mappings. There are different types of DNS servers like primary, secondary, and root servers that help facilitate this translation process. DNS is an important component of the internet that allows users and devices to locate websites and resources by domain name.

Uploaded by

Sarah Fatima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TCP/IP and Upper Layer Protocols

Define DNS

• The Internet's system for converting alphabetic names into numeric


IP addresses.
• For example,
• when a Web address (URL) is typed into a browser, DNS servers
return the IP address of the Web server associated with that name.
• DNS converts the URL www.company.com into the IP address
204.0.8.51.
Why is DNS important?
• DNS is like a phone book for the Internet.
• If you know a person’s name but don’t know their telephone number,
you can simply look it up in a phone book.
• DNS provides this same service to the Internet.
• When you visit http://yahoo.com in a browser,
• your computer uses DNS to retrieve the website’s IP address
of 204.13.248.115.
How DNS Works
• DNS is a client/server
network communication systems:
• DNS clients send requests to and
receive responses
from DNS servers.
• Requests containing an IP
address and
resulting in a name,
called reverse DNS lookups. 
IP Addresses and Domain Names
• An IP address, or Internet Protocol address, is a complex string of
numbers that acts as a binary identifier for devices across the
Internet.
• In short, an IP address is the address that computers, servers and
other devices use to identify one another online.
• The vast majority of IP addresses are arranged into four sets of
digits - i.e., 12.34.56.78.
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
• It is compony that provides the internet access to the home and
business users.
• They provide different types of internet planes and packages for the
users,
• The user can select the desired plane according to their
requirement.
• PTCL, World call, wi-tribe are popular ISPS in Pakistan.
TYPES OF DOMAIN

GENERIC DOMAIN

COUNTRY DOMAIN
GENERIC DOMAIN
• A domain name is the sequence of labels from a node to the root,
separated by dots (“.”s), read left to right
• Domain names are limited to 255 characters in length

""

com edu gov m il net o rg

n o m in u m m e ta in fo b e r k e le y nwu a rm y
Country Domain
There are also country code top-level domain names
for every nation, like:
• .pk, Pakistan
• .ae, Arab Emirates 
• .us, United States
• .mx, Mexico
• .uk, United Kingdom etc.
These are called “country code” top-level domains (ccTLDs).
Top Level Domains
• A Top Level Domain refers to the part of a domain name that comes
after the period.
• there's a comparatively static number of Top Level Domains;
• .com, .edu,.gov,.info and .org are just a few key examples.
Registrars sell domain names
• For most generic TLDs there are many registrars and a competitive
registration market place:
• http://www.name.com
• http://www.godaddy.com
• http://www.hostgator.com
• http://www.justhost.com etc.
Registering a domain – check for availability
Larrypress.com was taken, but these are available and
for sale
Getting a Web Page

•  Converting the domain name (URL) in a


Web browser into an IP address takes
numerous queries.
DNS SERVER
• There are different types of DNS SERVER available we can install any of
them as per our requirement.

• It`s Types,

• Primary: Locally stored files exists on the name server data base.

• Secondary: Gets data called a zone transfer from another server that is
the zone authority.
• No special hardware necessary
Types of Name Servers
• An Authoritative name server is one that is configured from an original
source
• e.g., the
• system administrator for the given domain
• Two forms of authoritative name servers

• master – where the original records are stored


• slave – obtains its information from masters but can still be
authoritative as long as they are up to date.
DNS TOOLS
• There are several tools for monitoring DNS information:

• whois – tells you the owner and primary DNS servers associated with a domain
• e.g. whois of yahoo.com https://www.whois.com/whois/yahoo.com
DNS Queries
• A DNS query packet is formed at the application layer.

• DNS is unique, as it can utilize either UDP/IP or TCP/IP to send a message.


DNS NAME SPACE

• The name space is the structure of


the DNS database
• An inverted tree with the root node at the top

• Each node has a label

•
The root node has a null label, written as “”
DNS Components
There are 3 components:
• Name Space:
Specifications for a structured name space and data associated with the
names

• Resolvers:
Client programs that extract information from Name Servers.

• Name Servers:
Server programs which hold information about the structure and the names.
Subdomains
 One domain is a subdomain of another if its top node is a
descendant of the other’s top node

 More simply, one domain is a subdomain of another if its domain


name ends in the other’s domain name

• So
• purchase.tradus.com is a subdomain of
• tradus.com
Loads On DNS
• DNS root servers get approximately 3000
queries per second.
Zones
• it represents an area of the Internet that is in one administered
space
• The zone statement defines the characteristics of a given zone
(subdomain)
• the zone name is extended to the domain name,
• zone options are largely but also include
• allow-transfer – which slaves can obtain info
• allow-update – the masters which can update this DNS
Name Servers and Zones
10.0.0.6 serves data for Name Servers Zones
both central university
ofbihar.ac.in and
cub.org zones 10.0.0.6
cub.ac.pk
10.0.0.5
serves data for
cub.ac.in zone 10.0.0.5
only
cu.com

20.1.1.1 serves
data for cu.com 20.1.1.1
zone only
Dividing a Domain into Zones
nominum.com
domain

""
nominum.com
zone

.a rp a .c o m .e d u
ams.nominum.com
rwc.nominum.com zone
zone acm ebw n o m in u m n e ts o l

rw c w w w ftp am s

m o lo k a i skye gouda cheddar


Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN)
• ICANN’s role: to oversee the management of Internet resources
including
• Addresses
• Delegating blocks of addresses to the regional registries
• Protocol identifiers and parameters
• Allocating port numbers, etc.
• Names
• Administration of the root zone file
• Oversee the operation of the root name servers

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