TURBOMACHINERY AEAS : 407

TURBOMACHINERY LECT-4

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

 GAIN KNOWLEDGE : CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF
TURBOMACHINES

: THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF AXIAL AND

RADIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS AND TURBINES

: PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS INFLUENCING

OPERATION OF TURBOMACHINES

: UNDERTSAND INSTABILITIES OF
COMPRESSOR OPERATION AND METHODS TO ARREST
INSTABILITIES
 REFERENCE BOOKS LECT-4

Name of Book Author

Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion Hill and Peterson

Gas Turbine Engine H Cohen, GFC Rogers, HIH Saravanamuttoo

Turbines, Compressors and Fans S M Yahya, Fourth Edition

Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of S L Dixon, Pergamon Press, 1996

Turbomachinery

Principles of Turbomachinery Seppo A. Korpela, Wiley Publications

Fundamentals of Turbomachinery BK Venkanna

Aircraft Propulsion : Science of making thrust to fly Bhaskar Roy

 VIRTUAL LECTURE – 1

 In this lecture, we studied

Turbomachine
 Types of Turbomachines
 Difference between Positive Displacement Machine and
Turbomachine
 Velocity Diagram of Axial Flow Compressor
 VIRTUAL LECTURE – 2

 In this lecture, we will study

Thermodynamics
 Basic Definitions
 Laws of Thermodynamics
 Types of System
 Types of Process
 Nozzle and Diffusers
 Energy Equations
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

VIRTUAL LECTURE – 3

 In this lecture we will study…..

 Tutorial on ideal cycles and component

performance

6
 Ideal cycle for jet engines
Combustion chamber/burner
Diffuser Compressor Turbine
Nozzle

a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Afterburner

Schematic of a turbojet engine and

station numbering scheme
5
 Ideal cycle for jet engines
Combustion chamber/burner
Diffuser Compressor Turbine
Nozzle

a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Afterburner

Schematic of a turbojet engine and

station numbering scheme
5
 Ideal cycle for jet engines
• The different processes in a turbojet cycle are
the following:
• a-1: Air from far upstream is brought to the
air intake (diffuser) with some
acceleration/deceleration
• 1-2: Air is decelerated as is passes through
the diffuser
• 2-3: Air is compressed in a compressor (axial
or centrifugal)
• 3-4 The air is heated using a combustion
chamber/burner

9
 Ideal cycle for jet engines

• 4-5: The air is expanded in a turbine to

obtain power to drive the compressor
• 5-6: The air may or may not be
further heated in an afterburner by
adding further fuel
• 6-7: The air is accelerated and
exhausted through the nozzle.

10
 Ideal cycle for jet engines

4
T

5
3
7

2
a

Ideal turbojet cycle (without afterburning)

on a T-s diagram
11
 Ideal cycle for jet engines
6a
T

7a
5, 6

2
a

s
Ideal turbojet cycle with afterburning on a
T-s diagram
12
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-8 LECT-4

Air intake performance

P0a
0a 02
T V22/2cp
02s 2 P02
2s P2

V02/2cp
P1
1 Pa

Actual and ideal intake processes

13
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-8 LECT-4

Compressor/fan performance

T
T03 03 P03
03s
T03s

P02

T02 02

Actual and ideal compression processes

14
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-8 LECT-4

Turbine performance

T
P04
04
T04

T05 P05
T05s
05
05s

Actual and ideal turbine processes

15
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-8 LECT-4

Nozzle performance

h P06
06
P6

P7

7
7s

Actual and ideal nozzle processes

16
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Problem # 1
• A Brayton cycle operates with a
regenerator of 75% effectiveness. The air
at the inlet to the compressor is at 0.1
MPa and 30oC, the pressure ratio is 6.0
and the maximum cycle temperature is
900oC. If the compressor and the turbine
have efficiencies of 80% each, find the
percentage increase in the cycle efficiency
due to regeneration.

17
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Problem # 1

T
3 P01 =0.1
T 01=303 K
MPa
6
T03=1173 K
4s 4a πc=6
2a
2s
5
ηc, ηt=0.8

1
s

18
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Solution: Problem # 1
• Let us first consider the Brayton cycle
without the regenerator:
T  1/

P 02  T
  03  60.4 /1.4  1.668
02s
  T04s
T01  P01 
T02s  3031.669  505K

1173
T04s  1.668  705K
From the definition of isentropic
efficiency of a compressor,

T02s  T01 505  303

T02  T01  C  0.8  252K
19
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Solution: Problem # 1
For a turbine we have,
T03  T04  t (T03  T04 s )  0.8(1173  705)  375K
Therefore,
wt  h03  h04  c p (T03  T04 )  1.005 375  376.88
kJ/kg  h01  c p (T02  T01 )  1.005 252  253.26
wc  h02
Now, T02kJ/kg
 252  303  555K
Hence, Q1  h03  h02  1.005 (1173 
555)
 621.09 kJ/kg
w t  wc 376.88  253.26
   
20
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Solution: Problem # 1
Let us now consider the
regenerator :
T04  T03  375  1173  375  798K
T06  T02
Regenerator effectiveness  
T04  T02
0.75
 555  0.75(798 
T06
or,T 555)
06 737.3K
Now, Q1  h03  h06  c p (T03  T06 )
 1.005(1173  737.3)  437.88
kJ/kg
21
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Solution: Problem # 1

Since wnet remains the same,

w 123.62
 Q
net
  0.2837 or 28.37%
1

437.9
The percentage increase due to
regeneration :
0.19
0.2837-0.199
 9  0.4256 or 42.56%

22
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Problem # 2
• A gas turbine operating at a pressure
ratio of 11.314 produces zero net work
output when 473.35 kJ of heat is
added per kg of air. If the inlet air
temperature is 300 K and the turbine
efficiency if 71%, find the compressor
efficiency.

23
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Solution: Problem # 2
• Since the net work output is zero,
wc=wt
or, T02-T01=T03-T04

T03-T02=T04-T01
T (  1)/ 

P 02 
02s
   11.3140.4 /1.4
T01  P01 
T02  300 11.3140.4 /1.4  600K
s
Given that heat added  476.35
kJ/kg
c p (T03  T02 )  476.354
or, T03  T02  474K
24
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Solution: Problem # 2
We know that
T04  T01  (T03  T02 )  300  474 
774K
The turbine efficiency is 71%
T (1 T /
0.71  T 03(T / T04 1) and T03 / 04  11.3140.4 /1.4
T )
04 s 03 04 s T s
03

T04 0.71
  1 2  0.645
T03
or,T03  774 / 0.645  1200K and T02  1200  474 
726K
T02 s  T01 600  300
   726   0.704 or 70.4%
T02  T01
300 25
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Problem # 3
• An aircraft flies at a Mach number of 0.75
ingesting an airflow of 80 kg/s at an
altitude where the ambient temperature
and pressure are 222 K and 10 kPa,
respectively. The inlet design is such that
the Mach number at the entry to the
inlet is 0.60 and that at the compressor
face is
0.40. The inlet has an isentropic efficiency
of 0.95. Find (a) the area of the inlet
entry (b) the inlet pressure recovery (c)
the compressor face diameter.
26
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Solution: Problem # 3
• Mach number is 0.75, hence, the flight
speed is
ua  M a RTa  0.75 1.4  287  222
 224 m / s
a  P / RT  0.1569 kg / m3
a a   1 2 
The total temperature, T0a  Ta  1 M a   246
  2 K
  1 
 /( 1)
 14522.8
Total pressure, P0a  Pa1 2 M 2
a 
  Pa

Static temperature at inlet entry,
  1 2 
T1  T0a /1 M a   230.4 K
 2 
27
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Solution: Problem # 3

Static pressure at inlet

entry,
  1 
 /( 1)
 11386 Pa
P1  P0a /1 2 M a2 

  P / RT  0.1722 kg /
m3
1 1 1
m m
Therefore, area at the inlet entry, A1  u   M RT 
1 1 1 1 1

80

0.6 1.4  287  230.4 
0.1722
 2.54 m 2

28
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Solution: Problem # 3
Now, T02  T0a

Diffuser efficiency, ηd  T02s
T0a Ta a
Substituting the values, TT  245.75K
02s

P 02sT 
 /( 1)
 0.982
Pressure recovery, 02
 
P01

 1  T01
T202  T /1 2 M2 2  239.3

K
P  P T / T  /  
2 1 2 1
1 static
The  pressure at
 13001
the compressor face, 29
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Solution: Problem # 3

2  P2 / RT2  0.1893 kg /
m 3
Velocity at the compressor face, u2  M 2 RT2
 124.03 m / s
Area of the compressor face, A2  m/ u2 2
 3.407 m2
 the diameter, d  2.08 m

30
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Problem # 4
• A turbojet engine operates at an altitude
where the ambient temperature and
pressure are 216.7 K and 24.444 kPa,
respectively. The flight mach number is
0.9 and the inlet conditions to the
convergent nozzle are 1000 K and 60 kPa.
If the nozzle efficiency is 0.98, the ratio
of specific heat is 1.33, determine
whether the nozzle is operating under
choked condition or not. Determine the
nozzle exit pressure.

31
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Solution: Problem # 4

The nozzle efficiency is defined

as h 
n  06 T06  T7 1  T7 / T06 1 T7 / T07
hh067  h7 s  T06  T7 s  1 T7 s / T06  1 T7 s /
UnderT06choked condition, M 
1,
n

 
1
1 (P(2  )1))
c / P/(06 ( 1)/

1
P06
or, P
n )(( 1) /  1))) 1)
 /(
c
(1
 (1/ ( 32
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Solution: Problem # 4
Substituting the values,

P06 
Pc 1.878
60
P06
Also, Pa   2.45Pa

We can24.444
see that Pc Pa
Therefore, the nozzle is operating under choked
condition. The exit pressure would therefore be equal to
60
Pe   31.95kPa
1.878
33
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Exercise Problem # 1
• A Brayton cycle with two stages of
compression and two stages of expansion
has an overall pressure ratio of 8.0. Air
enters each stage of the compressor at
300 K and each stage of the turbine at
1300 K. Determine the thermal efficiency
(a)with no regenerator (b) with an ideal
regenerator (c) if compressor and turbine
have 80% efficiency, no regenerator.
• Ans: (a) 35%, (b) 69.6 %, (c) 26 %

34
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Exercise Problem # 2
• In a gas turbine plant, the air at the inlet
is at 27oC, 0.1 MPa. The pressure ratio
is
6.25 and the maximum temperature is
800oC. The turbine and compressor
efficiencies are 80% each. Find (a) the
compressor work per kg of air (b) the
turbine work per kg of air (c) heat
supplied per kg of air and (d) the cycle
efficiency.
• Ans: (a) 259.4 kJ/kg, (b) 351.68 kJ/kg
(c) 569.43 kJ/kg (d)16.2 % 35
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Exercise Problem # 3

• An aircraft is flying at a Mach number of

0.8 at an altitude where the ambient
static pressure is 40 kPa. If the diffuser
pressure recovery is 0.9, determine
the isentropic efficiency of the diffuser.
• Ans: 0.738

36
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-9 LECT-4

Exercise Problem # 4

• The nozzle of a turbojet engine develops a

thrust of 590 Ns/kg. The aircraft is flying
at 240 m/s. The pressure and
temperature at the nozzle entry are 1.284
kPa and 993 K, respectively. If the ratio
of specific heat is 0.33, determine the
nozzle efficiency. The nozzle can be
assumed to be operating under choked
condition.
• Ans: 0.95

37
 VIRTUAL LECTURE – 4

 In next lecture we will study…..

 Analysis of Engine Real Cycle