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L05 - Transformation in Variables of A Signal

The document discusses various transformations that can be applied to signals. It describes transformations in the dependent and independent variables of signals. Transformations of dependent variables include signal addition, subtraction, multiplication and amplitude scaling. Transformations of independent variables include reflection, time scaling, time shifting, and combinations of these transformations. Time shifting results in a signal being moved left or right along the time axis. Time scaling results in a signal being compressed or expanded along the time axis. The order of precedence for multiple transformations is also discussed.

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Manoj
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65 views

L05 - Transformation in Variables of A Signal

The document discusses various transformations that can be applied to signals. It describes transformations in the dependent and independent variables of signals. Transformations of dependent variables include signal addition, subtraction, multiplication and amplitude scaling. Transformations of independent variables include reflection, time scaling, time shifting, and combinations of these transformations. Time shifting results in a signal being moved left or right along the time axis. Time scaling results in a signal being compressed or expanded along the time axis. The order of precedence for multiple transformations is also discussed.

Uploaded by

Manoj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transformation in

variables of a signal

Dr. Manoj kumar Rajagopal


Associate Professor
SENSE
Transformation in dependent variables of a
signal

Signal addition and multiplication


Amplitude scaling

Dr. Manoj kumar


2 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Signal addition
 Sum of two continuous time signals can be obtained by
adding their values at every instant
Example:

 Similarly the subtraction / multiplication of two CT signals


can be obtained by subtracting / multiplying their values at
every instant

Dr. Manoj kumar


3 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Amplitude scaling
Signal x(t) is fed to an amplifier with a gain ‘c’. the
output will be

y(t) = c * x(t)
y[n] = c * x[n]

Gain ‘c’ is called scaling factor

Dr. Manoj kumar


4 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Transformation in independent variables of a
signal

Reflection
Time scaling
Time shifting

Dr. Manoj kumar


5 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Reflection
X(t) is a CT signal, y(t) is obtained by replacing t
by ‘-t’
y(t) = x(-t)

Dr. Manoj kumar


6 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Time Scaling
 X[n] is a DT signal, y[n] is obtained by scaling the
independent variable time ‘n’, by a factor ‘k’
y[n] = x[kn]
 If k > 1, what will happen to y[n]?
 If k < 1, what will happen to y[n]?

Dr. Manoj kumar


7 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
y[n] = x[kn] ; If k > 1 ,(i.e) k=2
n  1; y[1]  x[2]  2 n  1; y[1]  x[2]  2
n  2; y[2]  x[4]  2 n  2; y[2]  x[4]  2
n  3; y[3]  x[6]  2 n  3; y[3]  x[6]  2

y[n] is compressed version of x[n], if k>1


Dr. Manoj kumar
8 L05 – Transformation in variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Time Scaling
y(t) = x(at)
 If k < 1
 y[n] is expanded version of x[n]

Dr. Manoj kumar


9 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Time Scaling - Summary
 X[n] is a DT signal, y[n] is obtained by scaling the
independent variable time ‘n’, by a factor ‘k’
y[n] = x[kn]
y(t) = x(at)
 If k > 1
 y[n] is compressed version of x[n]
 If k < 1
 y[n] is expanded version of x[n]

Dr. Manoj kumar


10 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Time shifting
X(t) is a CT signal, y(t) is obtained by
y(t) = x(t-t0)

If t0 > 0
y(t) is shifted to right side

If t0 < 0
y(t) is shifted to left side

Dr. Manoj kumar


11 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Time shifting example

Y(t) = x(t-2)

Y(t) = x(t+3)

Dr. Manoj kumar


12 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Precedence rule for time shifting and time
scaling
x(t) is a CT signal, y(t) is obtained by
y(t) = x (at – b)
Order of precedence
Time shifting
 Results in intermediate signal v(t) = x(t-b)
Time scaling
 Done on intermediate signal v(t) , replacing ‘t’ by ‘at’
 y(t) = v(at)
 y(t) = x (at – b)

Dr. Manoj kumar


13 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Example: find y(t) = x(2t + 3 )

Dr. Manoj kumar


14 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Time shifting & time inversion
Input signal = x(t)

Input signal = x(t)  Desired output= x(-t-t0)

• first perform inversion operation, find x(-t)


• x(-t-t0) is plotted by shifting x(-t) to the LEFT by t0

Input signal = x(t)  Desired output= x(-t+t0)

• first perform inversion operation, find x(-t)


• x(-t+t0) is plotted by shifting x(-t) to the RIGHT by t0

Dr. Manoj kumar


15 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Time shifting & time inversion (contd)
• x(t-t0) & x(-t+t0) are time shift made to the right of
x(t) and x(-t) respectively

• x(t+t0) & x(-t-t0) are time shift made to the left of


x(t) and x(-t) respectively

Dr. Manoj kumar


16 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Multiple transformation
  t  t0 
Plot
y (t )  Ax 
 a 
Plot x(t)
Do Amplitude scaling, plot v1(t) = A x(t)
Do time inversion, plot V2(t) = v1(-t)
Do time shifting (t0/a), plot V3(t) = V2(t – t0/a)
Do time scaling (1/a), plot V4(t) = V3(t/a)

Dr. Manoj kumar


17 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal
Problem

Find x(2t+2)
Find x  t  3 & x(t  3)

5  3 
Find x  t  & x  t 
3  5 
 t  4 
Find x  
 2 
Find 2u  t  2   2u  t  3 

Find u  t  4  u  t  4 
Dr. Manoj kumar
18 Transformation in independent variables of a signal
Rajagopal

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