Presented By:

BAJIBABU MUTTE
Assistant Professor
ECE
Lecture Details: GIET(A)
Subject Name: Digital Communications
INTRODUCTION
5/10
Systems (Analog
or Digital)
Source
Message
signal
Transmitter
Transmitted
signal
Channel
Received
signal
Receiver
Detected
signal
Sink
(User)
(User)

Distortion
and
noise

Source: Originates a message (e.g., human voice, TV picture, email message) and converts it to
an electrical waveform, referred to as a message signal.
Transmitter (Modulator): Modifies the message signal for efficient transmission.
Channel: A physical medium of choice that can convey the electrical signals at the transmitter
output over a distance.
Receiver (Demodulator): Processes the signal received from the channel by reversing the signal
modifications made at the transmitter and removing the distortion made by the channel.
Sink: Converts the electrical signal at the output of the receiver to its original form – the
message.
6/10
Continuous-Time, Discrete-
Time? t
x(t) x(t) t
0

(a) Analog continuous-time signal (b) Digital continuous-time signal

t Ts t
0
Ts 0

(c) Analog discrete-time signal (d) Digital discrete-time signal

In signal classification, the adjectives “analog” and “digital” refer to the amplitude property
of the signals, while “continuous-time” and “discrete-time” refer to the time property.
“continuous-time” and “discrete-time” are also commonly used to refer to the type of signal
processing in hardware.
7/10
Digital
Communicat
The message has to be in a digital format, i.e., it can be represented as a string of bits 0 and 1. A
message can be analog (such as human voice) or digital (such as a computer-generated text
document). An analog message can always be represented in a digital format through the processes of

ion?
sampling and quantization.
Digital Modulation: Over a finite duration, the transmitted signal belongs to a finite set of
continuous-time waveforms. Note that each waveform in the set itself can be an analog
continuous-time signal!

1
0

BASK signal Digital message AM signal Analog message

−1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
t
1
0
−1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
t
1
0
−1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
t
1
0
−1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
t
8/10
Digital
Communic

Received BASKTransmitted BASKReceived AM Transmitted AM

1

ations?
0

−1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
t
2
0

−2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
t
1
0

−1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
t
2
0

−2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
t

Since the transmitted signal in digital communications belong to a finite set of waveforms → The distorted
signal can be recovered to its ideal shape, hence removing all the noise.
9/10
Conversion =
Sampling +
Quantization

Sampling does not introduce information loss if it satisfies the Nyquist sampling theorem.
Quantization always introduces information loss, but the loss can be made arbitrarily small by
increasing the number of quantization levels (i.e., using more bits).
10/10
Hardware Realization
(Implementation)

Continuous-time implementation is mostly adopted in this course (EE456) to explain the theory
of digital communications (e.g., why do we use a certain modulation and demodulation
methods?)
Discrete-time implementation is most common in practice, but only briefly discussed in this course.
Discrete-time implementation has to do with how efficiently one can build
modulation/demodulation methods in hardware. This is the focus of EE465 in Term 2.
11/10
Digital
Communication Synchronization

System
Source Sink
Transmitter Channel Receiver
(User) (User)

(a)

Transmitter Receiver

Source Channel De- Channel Source

Modulator
Encoder modulator Decoder
Encoder Decoder

(b)
 Analog
Communicati
ons
Advantages:
Digital signals are much easier to be regenerated.
Digital circuits are less subject to distortion and interference.
Digital circuits are more reliable and can be produced at a lower cost than analog circuits.
It is more flexible to implement digital hardware than analog hardware. Digital signals are
beneficial from digital signal processing (DSP) techniques.
Disadvantages:
Heavy signal processing.
Synchronization is crucial. Larger
transmission bandwidth. Non-graceful
degradation.

10/10
 Why to study
Digital Communications?
Digital Communication Is
THE
Everywhere! INTERNET
Digital Communication Is Everywhere!
OTHER
APPLICATIONS

Digital GP
TV S

Mobile Payment Bluetooth

(NFC)
Digital Communication System
TX Channe RX
l
Wired Wireles
s Satellit
Fiber e WiFi
Optics RF Cellular

Coax Cable Sonar

Visible
Computer Light
Bus
Digital Communication System
TX Channe RX
l
Wired Wireles
s Satellit
Fiber e WiFi
Optics RF Cellular

Coax Cable Sonar

Visible
Computer Light
Bus
 Types of Channel
TX Channel RX

Wired Wireles
s Satellite
Fiber Optics RF WiFi
Coax Cable Cellular
Sonar
Computer Visible Light
Bus
 Different Applications
• Need different data rates
• Have different power budget
Different
• Require different form factor
Communication
• Require different mobility range Technologies
• Demand the use of different channel

• Have different cost limitations

 Analog vs. Digital Communication System
Analog
Communication
Analo Analog
g T R Outpu
Input
X X t
Modulate to Demodulate to recover
desired the signal
frequency
 Analog vs. Digital Communication System
Analog
Communication
Analo Analog
g TX RX Output
Input
Digital Communication
1011010110011001 1011010110011001

Digita Digital
l
Input
TX RX Output

Need D/A Need A/D

converter
 Digital Communication System
Digital Communication
1011010110011001 1011010110011001

Digita Digital
l
Input
TX RX Output

Need D/A Need A/D

converter
converter
 Analog vs. Digital
Communication
Digital
System
1011010110011001
1011010110011001 Communication
Digit Digital
al
Input
TX RX Outpu
t
Bit
s Mixer
Bits-to- PA
Symbols
Mapper
Modulation Pulse DAC LPF BPF
Shaping
(Encoding)
PLL
 Analog vs. Digital
Communication
Digital
System
1011010110011001
1011010110011001 Communication
Digit Digital
al
Input
TX RX Outpu
t
Bit
s
Mixer
Symbols-to-
Bits
LNA ADC Channel Mapper
Demodulation
BPF LPF
Equalization (Decoding)
&
PLL Synchroniza
tion