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Infrared Spectroscopy: CAPE Chemistry Unit 2

This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy. It discusses how IR spectroscopy can be used to identify functional groups in molecules by measuring their bond vibration frequencies. Key points covered include the IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum, molecular vibrations that cause IR absorption, and characteristic absorption patterns of common functional groups like alkenes, alcohols, carbonyls, and amines. The document also notes some limitations of IR spectroscopy and how it can be used to solve problems by comparing unknown spectra to known compounds.

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331 views24 pages

Infrared Spectroscopy: CAPE Chemistry Unit 2

This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy. It discusses how IR spectroscopy can be used to identify functional groups in molecules by measuring their bond vibration frequencies. Key points covered include the IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum, molecular vibrations that cause IR absorption, and characteristic absorption patterns of common functional groups like alkenes, alcohols, carbonyls, and amines. The document also notes some limitations of IR spectroscopy and how it can be used to solve problems by comparing unknown spectra to known compounds.

Uploaded by

dela2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CAPE Chemistry Unit 2

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Objectives
• Understand the concept of electromagnetic
radiation, and other forms of radiant energy and the
relationship to wavelength and frequency.
• Understand the features of an IR spectrum.
• Understand and learn the characteristic absorption
patterns to identify various functional groups such as
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, amines,
aldehydes and ketones and carboxylic acids.
• Learn to solve infrared spectral problems.

2
Introduction
• Spectroscopy is an analytical technique
which helps determine structure.
• It destroys little or no sample.
• The amount of light absorbed by the
sample is measured as wavelength is
varied.

3
IR Spectroscopy
• measures the bond vibration frequencies
in a molecule and is used to determine
the functional group.

4
The IR Region
• Just below red in the visible region.
• Wavelengths usually 2.5-25 mm.
• units are wavenumbers, or cm-1, the reciprocal of
the wavelength in centimeters.
• Wavenumbers are proportional to frequency and
energy.

cm-1 called reciprocal centimetre

6
The Spectrum and
Molecular Effects

=>
=>
7
Molecular Vibrations
Covalent bonds vibrate at only certain
allowable frequencies.

8
Fingerprint of Molecule
• Whole-molecule vibrations and bending
vibrations are also quantized.
• No two molecules will give exactly the same
IR spectrum (except enantiomers).
• Simple stretching: 1600-3500 cm-1.
• Complex vibrations: 600-1400 cm-1, called
the “fingerprint region.”

N.B.: ‘Quantized’ means only specific vibrational energy levels are allowed
IR-Active and Inactive
• A polar bond is usually IR-active.
• A nonpolar bond in a symmetrical molecule
will absorb weakly or not at all.

=>

10
An Alkene IR Spectrum

Sharp spike just beyond 1600 =>


12
O-H and N-H Stretching
• Both of these occur around 3300 cm-1, but
they look different.
– Alcohol O-H, broad with rounded tip.
– Primary amine (RNH2), broad with two sharp
spikes.

13
An Alcohol IR Spectrum

=>
broad with rounded tip
A 1 Amine
IR Spectrum

broad with two sharp spikes =>


15
Carbonyl Stretching

• The C=O bond of simple ketones, aldehydes,


and carboxylic acids absorb around 1710 cm-1.
• Usually, it’s the strongest IR signal (longest
peak).
• Carboxylic acids will have O-H also.
• Aldehydes have two C-H signals around 2700
and 2800 cm-1.
=>

16
A Ketone
IR Spectrum

=>
17
An Aldehyde
IR Spectrum

=>
18
O-H Stretch of a
Carboxylic Acid
This O-H absorbs broadly, 2500-3500 cm-1, due to
strong hydrogen bonding.

19
Variations in
C=O Absorption
• Conjugation of C=O with C=C lowers the
stretching frequency to ~1680 cm-1.
• The C=O group of an amide absorbs at an even
lower frequency, 1640-1680 cm-1.
• The C=O of an ester absorbs at a higher
frequency, ~1730-1740 cm-1.
• Carbonyl groups in small rings (5 C’s or less)
absorb at an even higher frequency. =>
20
An Amide
IR Spectrum

=>

21
Carbon - Nitrogen Stretching

• C - N absorbs around 1200 cm-1.


• C = N absorbs around 1660 cm-1 and is
much stronger than the C = C absorption in
the same region.
• C  N absorbs strongly just above 2200 cm-
1
. The alkyne C  C signal is much weaker
and is just below 2200 cm-1 .

22
Summary of IR
Absorptions

=>
=>
23
Strengths and Limitations
• IR alone cannot determine a structure.
• Some signals may be ambiguous.
• The functional group is usually indicated.
• The absence of a signal is definite proof that
the functional group is absent.
• Correspondence with a known sample’s IR
spectrum confirms the identity of the
compound.
24
Solving Infrared Spectral Problems

25
END
26

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