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Chapter 5 Inheritance Chapter 5 Inheritance

1. The document discusses Mendel's experiments on inheritance using pea plants. It describes Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. 2. Mendel observed that characteristics of organisms are determined by alleles and that alleles segregate into gametes, with only one allele from each pair being present in each gamete. 3. Examples are given of Mendel's experiments on monohybrid and dihybrid crosses in pea plants involving traits like plant height, seed shape, and seed texture. Punnett squares are used to predict inheritance patterns in subsequent generations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
112 views

Chapter 5 Inheritance Chapter 5 Inheritance

1. The document discusses Mendel's experiments on inheritance using pea plants. It describes Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. 2. Mendel observed that characteristics of organisms are determined by alleles and that alleles segregate into gametes, with only one allele from each pair being present in each gamete. 3. Examples are given of Mendel's experiments on monohybrid and dihybrid crosses in pea plants involving traits like plant height, seed shape, and seed texture. Punnett squares are used to predict inheritance patterns in subsequent generations.

Uploaded by

suhana
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5 Inheritance

5.1 Concept Of Inheritance Based On Mendel’s Experiment

ITeach – Biology Form 5


Chapter 5 Inheritance

Concept Of Inheritance Based On Mendel’s Experiment

The Structure Of DNA

One Nitrogenous
nucleotide bases

Sugar

Phosphate group

The double helix (untwisted)


The double helix structure showing the position of
of DNA as proposed by sugars phosphates and
James Watson and Francis nitrogenous bases
Crick

ITeach – Biology Form 5


Bab 5 Perwarisan

Konsep Perwarisan Berdasarkan Eksperimen Mendel

Struktur DNA

Satu Bes
nukleotida bernitrogen
Gula

Kumpulan fosfat

Heliks ganda dua (tidak


Struktur heliks ganda dua berpintal) menunjukkan
DNA seperti yang kedudukan gula, fosfat dan
dicadangkan oleh James bes bernitrogen.
Watson dan Francis Crick

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5


Chapter 5 Inheritance

Concept Of Inheritance Based On Mendel’s Experiment

Mendel’s
Mendel’sFirst
FirstLaw
LawOr
OrLaw
LawOf
OfSegregation
Segregation

A characteristic of an organism is determined by a pair


of alleles. In the formation of gametes, the pair of alleles
segregate during meiosis I and only one of each pair of
alleles can be presented in a single gamete.

ITeach – Biology Form 5


Bab 5 Perwarisan

Konsep Perwarisan Berdasarkan Eksperimen Mendel

Hukum
HukumMendel
MendelI Iatau
atauHukum
HukumSegregasi
Segregasi

Ciri organisma ditentukan oleh sepasang alel. Dalam


pembentukan gamet, sepasang alel akan berpisah
semasa meiosis I dan hanya satu alel sahaja dijumpai
dalam satu gamet tunggal.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5


Chapter 5 Inheritance

Concept Of Inheritance Based On Mendel’s Experiment

Monohybrid Inheritance In Pea Plants

T: dominant allele for tallness t: recessive allele for dwarf ness

A grid or box called a Punnett


square is used to show the
random crossing of the gametes to
determine the F2 generation.

♀ ♂ T t

T TT Tt

t tT tt

F1 self cross
F2 phenotype : tall: Dwarf

Genotypic ratio of F2 : 1TT : 2Tt : 1tt F2 : phenotypic ratio : 3 : 1


Phenotypic ratio of F2 : 3 tall :1 dwarf

ITeach – Biology Form 5


Bab 5 Perwarisan

Konsep Perwarisan Berdasarkan Eksperimen Mendel

Perwarisan Monohibrid Pokok Kacang Pea

T: alel untuk ciri dominan (tinggi) t: alel untuk ciri resesif (kerdil)

Rajah segi empat Punnet


digunakan untuk menunjukkan
persilangan rawak gamet untuk
meramal dan menentukan
generasi F2 .

♀ ♂ T t

T TT Tt

t tT tt

kacukan
sesama F1 F2 fenotip : tinggi: kerdil

Nisbah Genotip F2 : 1TT : 2Tt : 1tt F2 : nisbah fenotip: 3 : 1


Nisbah fenotip F2 : 3 tinggi :1 kerdil

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5


Chapter 5 Inheritance

Concept Of Inheritance Based On Mendel’s Experiment

Mendel’s
Mendel’sSecond
SecondLaw
LawOr
OrLaw
LawOf
OfIndependent
IndependentAssortment
Assortment

Two or more pairs of alleles segregate


independently of each other during gamete
formation.

ITeach – Biology Form 5


Bab 5 Perwarisan

Konsep Perwarisan Berdasarkan Eksperimen Mendel

Hukum
HukumMendel
MendelIIIIatau
atauHukum
HukumSegregasi
SegregasiBebas
Bebas

Dua atau lebih pasangan alel boleh bergabung


secara rawak antara satu sama lain semasa
pembentukan gamet.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5


Chapter 5 Inheritance

Concept Of Inheritance Based On Mendel’s Experiment

Dihybrid Inheritance In Pea Plants

T : dominant allele for tallness B : dominant allele for round seed


t : recessive allele for dwarfness b : recessive allele for wrinkled seed

♀ ♂ TB Tb tB tb

TB Tb TB TTBB ● TTBb ● TtBB ● TtBb ●

Tb TTBb ● TTbb ■ TtBb ● Ttbb ■

tB TtBB ● TtBb ● ttBB ○ ttBb ○


TB Tb tB tb TB Tb tB tb
tb TtBb ● Ttbb ■ ttBb ○ ttbb *
A Punnett square is used to determine the F2
generation
● tall, round seed ■ tall, wrinkled seed ○ dwarf, round seed * dwarf, wrinkled seed

F2 phenotype : tall, round seed; Tall wrinkled seed, dwarf round seed, dwarf wrinkled seed

F2 phenotype ratio : 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

ITeach – Biology Form 5


Bab 5 Perwarisan

Konsep Perwarisan Berdasarkan Eksperimen Mendel

Perwarisan Dihibrid Pada Pokok Kacang Pea

T : alel dominan (tinggi) B : alel dominan (biji bulat)


t : alel resesif (kerdil) b : alel resesif (biji kedut)

♀ ♂ TB Tb tB tb

TB TTBB ● TTBb ● TtBB ● TtBb ●

Tb TTBb ● TTbb ■ TtBb ● Ttbb ■

tB TtBB ● TtBb ● ttBB ○ ttBb ○

tb TtBb ● Ttbb ■ ttBb ○ ttbb *


Segi empat Punnet digunakan untuk menentukan
generasi F2
● tinggi, biji bulat ■ tinggi, biji kedut ○ kerdil, biji bulat * kerdil, biji kedut

Fenotip F2 : ● Tinggi, biji bulat; ■ Tinggi, biji kedut, ○ Kerdil, biji bulat, * Kerdil, biji kedut

Nisbah fenotip F2 : 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5


Chapter 5 Inheritance

5.2 Inheritance

ITeach – Biology Form 5


Chapter 5 Inheritance

Inheritance

Human Karyotypes

In man, there are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, 22 pairs are identical


in both sexes and they are called autosomes

The 23rd pair are sex chromosomes. They are X and Y chromosomes.

Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X chromosome and
one Y chromosome.

The 46 chromosomes can be arranged into homologous pairs based on the


size of the chromosomes. This arrangement is called a karyotype.

Karyotype of a normal male Karyotype of a normal female


Karyotype of a normal male Karyotype of a normal female

ITeach – Biology Form 5


Bab 5 Perwarisan
Perwarisan

Kariotip Manusia

Manusia mempunyai 23 pasang kromosom homolog dan terdapat 22 pasang


kromosom yang sama dipanggil autosom.

Pasangan kromosom yang ke 23 merupakan kromosom seks iaitu kromosom


X dan kromosom Y.

Perempuan mempunyai dua kromosom X manakala lelaki mempunyai 1


kromosom X dan satu kromosom Y.

46 kromosom ini boleh disusun menjadi pasangan homolog berdasarkan saiz


kromosom. Susunan ini disebut sebagai kariotip.

Kariotip lelaki normal Kariotip perempuan normal


Kariotip lelaki normal Kariotip perempuan normal

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5


Chapter 5 Inheritance

Inheritance

Sex Determination In Man

• The chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell can be divided into


i. autosomes – chromosomes that do not have the genes to determine sex
ii. sex chromosomes – chromosome that has the gene to determine the sex of an
organism
• Each human body cell has 22 pairs of homologous autosomes and one pair of sex
chromosomes
• In females, the cell has 44 autosomes and a pair of X chromosomes
• In males, the cell has 44 autosomes and one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
• The sex of the offspring is determined by the sex chromosomes of the parents
• There are two types of sperms, (22+X) and (22+Y)
• There is only one type of ovum (22+X)
• The sex of an offspring will be determined by the type of sperms which will fertilize
the ovum
• If the ovum (22+X) is fertilized by a sperm (22+X), the zygote formed has the sex
chromosomes (XX) and the baby will be a girl
• If the ovum (22+X) is fertilized by a sperm (22+Y) then the baby will be a boy

Continue
Continue
ITeach – Biology Form 5
Bab 5 Perwarisan
Perwarisan

Penentuan Seks Manusia

• Kromosom dalam nukleus setiap sel boleh dibahagi kepada:


i. Autosom – kromosom yang tidak mengandungi gen untuk menentukan jantina.
ii. Kromosom seks – kromosom yang mempunyai gen untuk menentukan jantina
organisma.
• Setiap sel badan manusia mempunyai 22 pasang autosom homolog dan sepasang
kromosom seks.
• Perempuan mempunyai 44 autosom dan sepasang kromosom X.
• Lelaki mempunyai 44 autosom dan dua jenis kromosom seks (kromosom X dan Y)
• Jantina anak ditentukan oleh kromosom seks daripada ibu dan bapa.
• Terdapat 2 jenis sperma, (22+X) dan (22+Y)
• Hanya satu jenis ovum (22+X)
• Jantina anak ditentukan oleh jenis sperma yang akan mensenyawakan ovum.
• Jika ovum (22+X) disenyawakan oleh sperma jenis (22+X), zigot yang terbentuk
akan mempunyai kromosom seks (XX) dan anak yang bakal lahir adalah anak
perempuan.
• Sekiranya ovum (22+X) disenyawakan oleh sperma (22+Y), anak yang akan
dilahirkan adalah anak lelaki.

Sambung
Sambung
ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5
Chapter 5 Inheritance

5.3 Understanding Genes And Chromosomes

ITeach – Biology Form 5


Chapter 5 Inheritance

Understanding Genes And Chromosomes

Application Of Knowledge In Genetics To Mankind

Selective Breeding Genetic Engineering

Application Of Knowledge In
Genetics To Mankind

DNA Fingerprinting Human Genome Project

ITeach – Biology Form 5


Bab 5 Perwarisan
Memahami Gen dan Kromosom

Aplikasi Pengetahuan Genetik kepada Manusia

Pembiakbakaan Kejuruteraan Genetik

Aplikasi Pengetahuan Genetik


kepada Manusia

Cap Jari DNA Projek Genom Manusia

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 5

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