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History of Computer

The document summarizes the history of computers from early counting methods to modern computers. It describes how early counting tools like fingers and abaci evolved into mechanical calculating devices. Important early mechanical computers included Pascal's calculator and Leibniz's Step Reckoner. Punched cards and basic programming concepts emerged with Jacquard's loom. Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, the first general-purpose programmable computer, and Ada Lovelace wrote the first computer programs for it. Key developments led to modern electronics-based computers, including the tabulating machine, Colossus, ENIAC, stored-program concept, and emergence of generations of computers based on vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and

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505 views24 pages

History of Computer

The document summarizes the history of computers from early counting methods to modern computers. It describes how early counting tools like fingers and abaci evolved into mechanical calculating devices. Important early mechanical computers included Pascal's calculator and Leibniz's Step Reckoner. Punched cards and basic programming concepts emerged with Jacquard's loom. Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, the first general-purpose programmable computer, and Ada Lovelace wrote the first computer programs for it. Key developments led to modern electronics-based computers, including the tabulating machine, Colossus, ENIAC, stored-program concept, and emergence of generations of computers based on vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and

Uploaded by

Illank Sii Taurus Phark
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The History of

Computers
In The Beginning

• Early humans counted


on their fingers -
evolution of base 10
numbering system
Abacus Orient

• 3000 years ago


• First calculating
mechanism
• Beads represent
digits
• Rods represent
places – units, tens,
hundreds, and
higher multiples of
ten
Blaise Pascal

• Invented the Pascaline in 1642


• First mechanical adding machine
Gottfried Leibniz

• Invented Step Reckoner in 1671


• Could add, subtract, multiply,
divide, and evaluate square roots
Joseph Jacquard
• Jacquard’s Loom in
1810
• Emphasized three
computer concepts
1. Instructions
- used punched
cards
2. Simple Program
- series of
instructions
3. Automate job
- because of program
Charles Babbage

• Father of Computers
• Invented Analytical
Engine in 1832
• 5 characteristics of
modern computer
– Input device – punch
cards
– Processor – mill
– Control Unit
– Storage Facility – store
– Output device
Ada Augusta

• First Computer
Programmer
– wrote programs for the
Analytical Engine
• Her notes on the
Analytical Engine
was used in the
future development
of computers
Herman Hollerith
• Invented Tabulating
Machine for 1890
Census
• First machine
capable of
processing
statistical
information from
punched cards
Alan Turing

• Worked on
Colossus
computer in 1943
• Used in World War
II for cracking
German codes
(ENIGMA)
John Mauchly
Presper Eckert

• ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical
Integrator &
Calculator) 1946
• First electronic
computer to go
into operation
• A moth got caught in the MARK II
and shorted out a relay
• Grace crawled in and removed it
from inside the computer
• Popularized the term “bug” to
signify any system failure
• The term “debugging” signifies
solving a computer problem
John von Neumann
“First Draft” – based on
his concepts, all computers
process data by carrying out
four specific activities:
Input data
Store data
Process data
Output data/results

This initiated the modern


computer era.

EDVAC - first electronic computer to use stored-program


First Generation
Computers (1951-1958)

• Vacuum tubes
– for electronic circuits
• Punched cards
– for secondary
memory/storage
• Speed – Milliseconds
– Thousands of operations
per second
• Machine and Assembly
languages
Vacuum Tube

• Provided the electronic


circuits for computer
• 6000 circuits/cubic foot
• Konrad Zuse used it in 1941
instead of electromagnetic
relays
• Large and bulky. Generated
enormous amounts of heat
• Burned out frequently causing
computer to be down for
large amounts of time
Second Generation
Computers (1959-1964)

• Transistors
– electronic circuits
• Magnetic tape
– secondary memory\storage
• Speed – Microseconds
– millions of operations per second
• Programming languages
– COBOL, Fortran, Symbolic
Transistor
• Replaced vacuum
tubes as electronic
circuits in computers
• Developed by William
Shockley, Walter
Brattain, and John
Bardeen from Bell Labs
in 1947
– Won the Nobel Prize in
Comparison of the vacuum 1956 as a result
tube with the transistor
• 100,000 circuits/cubic
foot
Third Generation
Computers (1965-1970)

• Integrated Circuits (IC)


– electronic circuits
• Magnetic tape
– secondary memory\storage
• Speed – Nanoseconds
– Billions of operations per second
• Silicon Chip
– silicon crystal that IC is etched in
Integrated Circuit (IC)

• Invented by Jack Kilby of


Texas Instruments in 1959
• 10 million circuits/cubic foot
• Won the Nobel Prize in 2000 as a
result
Fourth Generation
Computers (1971-Present)

• Personal micro-computer
• Microprocessor
– electronic circuits
• Magnetic disk
– secondary memory\storage
• Speed – picoseconds
– trillions of operations
per second
• Virtual memory
– mimics behavior of primary memory
Microprocessor

• Invented by Ted Hoff of


Intel in 1971
• Very Large Scale
Integration (VSLI) - tens of
thousands electronic
components on each IC chip
• Over 500 billion
circuits/cubic foot
Steven Jobs
Steve Wozniak
• Invented Apple
Macintosh in 1984
• First
programmable
computer
available for
personal use
• First computer to
use Graphical
User Interface
Fifth Generation
Computers (Future)

• Artificial Intelligence
– Computer learns from itself

• Natural Language
– Communicate with computer using everyday
language
• Parallel Processing
– Ability to process millions of instructions
simultaneously
• Speed – gigaseconds
– Quadrillions of operations per second
What will the future hold
in the computer
industry?

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