Control Statements

Pre-incrementing and post-

incrementing
• When variable is not in an expression then Pre-
incrementing and post-incrementing have the same
effect
• Example
int c = 5;
++c;
cout << c; // c = 6
and
c++;
cout << c; // c= 6

are the same

 Increment and Decrement
Operators (Cont.)
int c = 5;
cout << ++c;
c is changed to 6
Then prints out 6
cout << c++;
Prints out 5 (cout is executed before the increment)
c then becomes 6
 control structures
– Three control structures
• Sequence structure
– Programs executed sequentially by default
• Selection structures
– if, if…else, switch…case
• Repetition structures
– while, do…while, for
 if Selection Statement
• Selection statements
– Pseudocode example
• If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
– If the condition is true
» The print statement executes then the program
continues to next statement
– If the condition is false
» The print statement ignored then the program
continues
 if Selection Statement
• Selection statements (Cont.)
– Translation into C++
if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed";
– Any expression can be used as the
condition
 if Selection Statement
• Logical AND (&&) Operator
– Consider the following if statement
if ( gender == 1 && age >= 65 )
Females++;
– Combined condition is true
• If and only if both simple conditions are true
– Combined condition is false
• If either or both of the simple conditions are false
 if Selection Statement
• Logical OR (||) Operator
– Consider the following if statement
if ( ( semesterAverage >= 90 ) || ( finalExam >= 90 )
cout << “Student grade is A” << endl;

– Combined condition is true

• If either or both of the simple conditions are true
– Combined condition is false
• If both of the simple conditions are false
 if Selection Statement
• Example
– If paycode is 4, bonus is given

if ( payCode == 4 )
cout << "You get a bonus!" << endl;
 if…else Double-Selection
Statement
• if
– Performs action if condition true
• if…else
– Performs one action if condition is true, a different action if it is
false
• Pseudocode
– If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
print “Passed”
Else
print “Failed”
• C++ code
– if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed";
else
cout << "Failed";
 if…else Double-Selection
Statement (Cont.)
• Ternary conditional operator (?:)
– Three arguments (condition, value if true,
value if false)
• Code could be written:
cout <<( grade >= 60 ? “Passed” : “Failed” );

Condition Value if true Value if false

 if…else Double-Selection
Statement (Cont.)
• Nested if…else statements
– One inside another
– Once a condition met, other statements are skipped
– Example
• If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90
Print “A”
Else
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80
Print “B”
Else
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70
Print “C”
Else
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “D”
Else
Print “F”
 if…else statements (Cont.)

• Nested if…else statements (Cont.)

– Written In C++
• if ( studentGrade >= 90 )
cout << "A";
else
if (studentGrade >= 80 )
cout << "B";
else
if (studentGrade >= 70 )
cout << "C";
else
if ( studentGrade >= 60 )
cout << "D";
else
cout << "F";
 if…else statements (Cont.)

• Nested if…else statements (Cont.)

– Written In C++ (indented differently)
• if ( studentGrade >= 90 )
cout << "A";
else if (studentGrade >= 80 )
cout << "B";
else if (studentGrade >= 70 )
cout << "C";
else if ( studentGrade >= 60 )
cout << "D";
else
cout << "F";
 if…else statements (Cont.)

• else problem
– Example
• if ( x > 5 )
if ( y > 5 )
cout << "x and y are > 5";
else
cout << "x is <= 5";
– Compiler interprets as
• if ( x > 5 )
if ( y > 5 )
cout << "x and y are > 5";
else
cout << "x is <= 5";
 if…else statements (Cont.)

• else problem (Cont.)

– Rewrite with braces ({})
• if ( x > 5 )
{
if ( y > 5 )
cout << "x and y are > 5";
}
else
cout << "x is <= 5";
– Braces indicate that the second if statement is in the
body of the first and the else is associated with the first
if statement
 if…else statements (Cont.)

• Compound statement
– Also called a block
• Set of statements within a pair of braces
• Used to include multiple statements in an if body
– Example
• if ( studentGrade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed.\n";
else
{
cout << "Failed.\n";
cout << "You must take this course again.\n";
}
– Without braces,
cout << "You must take this course again.\n";
always executes
 if Statement
Example:
if (expression) if (u > v)
{ {
statements; a = 1;
if (expression) b = 2;
{ if ( u > z)
statements; {
} x =11;
} y = 12;
}
}
 while Repetition Statement
• Repetition statement
– Action repeated while some condition remains true
– Pseudocode
• While there are more items on my shopping list
Purchase next item and cross it off my list
– while loop repeats until condition becomes false
– Example
• int product = 3;

while ( product <= 100 )

product = 3 * product;
 Example: Finds the total of 4
numbers using while loop
int count =1;
int total = 0;
while (count <=4)
{
cout << “\nEnter a number: “;
cin >> num;
total = total + num;
cout “The total is now “ << total << endl;
count++;
}
 for Repetition Statement
• for repetition statement
– Specifies counter-controlled repetition details
in a single line of code
 for Repetition Statement

Not Valid: X
• for (j = 0, j < n, j = j + 3) // semicolons needed

• for (j = 0; j < n) // three parts needed

 for Repetition Statement
Example 1: j = 1;
sum = 0;
for ( ; j <= 3; j = j + 1){
sum = sum + j;
cout<<"sum = "<<sum<<"\n"; }
Output : 1, 3, 6
Example 2: j = 1;
sum = 0;
for ( ; j <= 3; ){
sum = sum + j;}
Output : infinite loop
Example 3: j = 1;
sum = 0;
for ( ; ; )
{ sum = sum + j; j++;
cout << "\n" << sum;
}
Output : infinite loop
 for Repetition Statement (Cont.)
• General form of the for statement
– for ( initialization; loopContinuationCondition; increment )
statement;
• Can usually be rewritten as:
– initialization;
while ( loopContinuationCondition )
{
statement;
increment;
}
• If the control variable is declared in the initialization expression
– It will be unknown outside the for statement
 for Repetition Statement (Cont.)
• for statement examples
– Vary control variable from 1 to 100 in increments of 1
• for ( int i = 1; i <= 100; i++ )
– Vary control variable from 100 to 1 in increments of -1
• for ( int i = 100; i >= 1; i-- )
– Vary control variable from 7 to 77 in steps of 7
• for ( int i = 7; i <= 77; i += 7 )
– Vary control variable from 20 to 2 in steps of -2
• for ( int i = 20; i >= 2; i -= 2 )
– Vary control variable over the sequence: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20
• for ( int i = 2; i <= 20; i += 3 )
– Vary control variable over the sequence: 99, 88, 77, 66, 55, 44,
33, 22, 11, 0
• for ( int i = 99; i >= 0; i -= 11 )
 for Repetition Statement (Cont.)

• Using a comma-separated list of

expressions
for ( int number = 2;number <= 20;total += number, number += 2 ) ;
This is equal to :
for ( int number = 2;number <= 20;number += 2 ){
total += number
}
 do…while Repetition Statement
• do…while statement
– Similar to while statement
– Tests loop-continuation after performing body of loop
• Loop body always executes at least once
• C++ Code:
do
{
cout<<x<<“ “;
x++;
} while (x<10) ;
 The switch Statement
• Similar to if statements
• Can list any number of branches
• Used in place of nested if statements
• Avoids confusion of deeply nested ifs
 The switch Statement
switch (expression) {
case value1:
statement1;
break;
case value2:
statement2;
break;

case valuen:
statementn;
break;
default:
statement;
}
 The switch Statement
switch (grade)
{
case ‘A’:
cout << “Grade is between 90 & 100”;
break;
case ‘B’:
cout << “Grade is between 80 & 89”;
break;
case ‘C’:
cout << “Grade is between 70 & 79”;
break;
case ‘D’:
cout << “Grade is between 60 & 69”;
break;
case ‘E’:
cout << “Grade is between 0 & 59”;
break;
default:
cout << “You entered an invalid grade.”;
}
 The switch Statement
**** Menu * * * *

1. Nablus
2. Rammallah
3. Tolkarm
4. Jenien

Choose either 1, 2, 3 or 4:
 The switch Statement
switch (choice) switch (choice)
{ {
case 1: case 1:
cout << “Nablus”; cout << “Nablus”;
case 2: break;
cout << “Rammallah”; case 2:
case 3: cout <“Rammallah”;
cout << “Tolkarm”; break;
case 4: case 3:
cout << “Jenien”; cout << “Tolkarm”;
default: break;
cout<<“ invalid choice”; case 4:
} cout << “Jenien”;
break;
default:
cout<<“ invalid choice”;
}
 The switch Statement
#include<iostream>
Void main ( )
{
int value
cout << “Enter 1- Palestine 2- Egypt 3- USA”;
cin >> value;
switch (value)
{
case 1: cout << “No of population is 5 million”; break;
case 2: cout << “No. of population is 70 million”; break;
case 3: cout << “No. of population is 180 million”; break;
default: cout<<“invalid choice”;
}
}
 switch Multiple-Selection
Statement
• switch statement
– Used for multiple selections

– Tests a variable or expression

• Compared against constant integral expressions to
decide on action to take
 The switch Statement
• switch statement
– Controlling expression
• Expression in parentheses after keyword switch
– case labels
• Compared with the controlling expression
• Statements following the matching case label are executed
– Braces are not necessary around multiple statements in a case
label
– A break statements causes execution to proceed with the first
statement after the switch
» Without a break statement, execution will fall through to
the next case label
 The switch Statement
• switch statement (Cont.)
– default case
• Executes if no matching case label is found
• Is optional
– If no match and no default case
» Control simply continues after the switch
break and continue Statements
• break statement
– Causes immediate exit from the loop
– Used in while, for, do…while or switch
statements
• continue statement
– Skips remaining statements in loop body and
start from the beginning of loop
• Used in for loop, while , do…while loops
 for

void main ( )
{
int k;
for ( k= -5; k < 25; k= k+5)
{
cout << k;
cout << “ Good Morning” << endl;
}
}

Output = - 5 Good Morning

0 Good Morning
5 Good Morning
10 Good Morning
15 Good Morning
20 Good Morning
 break

void main ( )
{
int k;
for ( k= -5; k < 25; k= k+5)
{
cout << k;
break;
cout << “ Good Morning” << endl;
}
}
Output = -5
 continue
Void main ( )
{
int k;
for ( k= -5; k < 25; k= k+5)
{
cout << k;
conitnue;
cout << “ Good Morning” << endl;
}
}
Output = - 5
0
5
10
15
20
 Examples
int j =50;
while (j < 80)
{
j += 10;
if (j == 70)
break;
cout << “j = “ << j<< ‘\n’;
}
cout << “We are out of the loop.\n”;

Output

j = 60
We are out of the loop.
 Example

do
{
cout << “Enter your age: “;
cin >> age;
if (age <=0)
cout << “Invalid age.\n”;
else
cout << "DO SOMETHING\n";
} while (age <=0);
 Example
do {
x = x + 5;
y = x * 25;
cout << y << endl;
if ( x == 100) done = true;
} while (!done);
 Tugas # 1
• Buat sebuah program yang dapat
menghitung nilai dari ex dengan
menggunakan formula:

ex = 1 + x/1! + x2/2! + x3/3! + x4/4!+…..

 Tugas # 2
Buatlah sebuah program yang dapat
membaca 3 buah input bilangan integer
dan mencetak pesan jika ke tiga
bilangan itu adalah sisi-sisi sebuah
segitiga siku-siku.