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Complex Variables and Transforms Lecture #07: Engr. Hammad Khalid Department of Mechanical Engineering

The document discusses the Cauchy-Riemann equations, which provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a function f(z) to be analytic. Specifically, it states that the real and imaginary parts u and v of f(z) = u + iv must satisfy the equations ux = vy and vx = -uy. Several examples are provided to demonstrate applying the Cauchy-Riemann equations. The document also discusses harmonic functions and harmonic conjugates.

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Haroon
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55 views

Complex Variables and Transforms Lecture #07: Engr. Hammad Khalid Department of Mechanical Engineering

The document discusses the Cauchy-Riemann equations, which provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a function f(z) to be analytic. Specifically, it states that the real and imaginary parts u and v of f(z) = u + iv must satisfy the equations ux = vy and vx = -uy. Several examples are provided to demonstrate applying the Cauchy-Riemann equations. The document also discusses harmonic functions and harmonic conjugates.

Uploaded by

Haroon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Variables and

Transforms
Lecture #07
Engr. Hammad Khalid
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Section 4 : Complex
Variables
Topic 3 : Cauchy-Riemann Equations
Cauchy-Riemann Equations

 Theorem 1 :- Necessary conditions for a function f(z) to be analytic. If 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦


+
𝑖 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is analytic at 𝑧0, then 𝑢 and 𝑣 satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations,
𝜕𝑢 = 𝜕𝑣
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 = − 𝜕𝑢 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑣𝑥 =
−𝑢 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
at every point in some neighbourhood of point 𝑧0 provided 𝑢 𝑥 , 𝑢 𝑦 , 𝑣𝑥 & 𝑣𝑦 exists.
Cauchy-Riemann Equations

 Theorem 2 :- Sufficient condition for f(z) to be analytic, If


1) 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is defined at every point in some neighbourhood of point 𝑧 0.
2) 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 satisfy CR equations 𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑣 𝑦 , 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢 𝑦 at every point in some neighbourhood of
point 𝑧0.
3) 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑢 𝑥 , 𝑢 𝑦 , 𝑣 𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 are continuous at every point in some neighbourhood of point 𝑧0.

Then the function f(z) is analytic at 𝑧0 & 𝑓 ′ 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥


Cauchy-Riemann Equations

 Example 1 :- Analytic or Not?  𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦

Solution :- 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)  𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦


𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑢𝑥 = =𝑒 𝑥 𝑢𝑦 = = −𝑒 𝑥
cos 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝑣𝑥 = = 𝑒𝑥 𝑣𝑦 = = 𝑒𝑥
sin 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢 𝑦
Ans:- 𝑓 𝑧 is an Analytic function.
Cauchy-Riemann Equations

 Example 2 :- If 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 2 is real part of analytic function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, then


find 𝑓(𝑧).

Solution :- 𝑢 𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑢 𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 = −2𝑦 − 1  𝑣𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 1


From theorem 2 𝑓 ′ 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑣𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝑖 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝟐𝐳 + 𝐢  replacing x with z and y with 0.
𝑧2
𝑓 𝑧 = 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 𝑑𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑐
2
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 + 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑐
where, 𝑐 = 𝑐1 + 𝑖𝑐2
Cauchy-Riemann Equations

 Polar form :- variables 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃


𝜕𝑢 = 1 𝜕𝑣 1
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑢 𝑟 =
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑣
𝑟 𝜃
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝜃 = 𝜕𝑣 𝑖. 𝑒. −1 𝑢 𝜃 = 𝑣𝑟
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟

−𝑖 𝜃
𝑓 ′ 𝑧 = (𝑢 𝑟 + 𝑖 𝑣 𝑟 )𝑒
Harmonic Functions
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 2
→ + = 𝑢
 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥𝑥+ 𝑢 = 0 → 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜕𝑥2
𝑦𝑦
 A function 𝜕𝑢𝑦 2𝑥, 𝑦is called harmonic if 𝑢 𝑥 , 𝑢 𝑦 , 𝑢 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 𝑦 𝑦 are continuous and the function
satisfies Laplace equation.
 Important Note :-
 If 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic function, then 𝑢 & 𝑣 are harmonic functions.
 If 𝑢 & 𝑣 are harmonic functions, then𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 may or may not be an analytic
function.
Harmonic Conjugate Function

 If 𝑢 & 𝑣 are harmonic functions and 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic, then 𝑣 is called harmonic conjugate
function of 𝑢.
 How to find a harmonic conjugate?
 If 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 is given to find its H.C. 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦
then… 𝜕 𝜕
 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕
 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑦
 𝑑𝑦(𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥)
𝑢 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 + −𝑣𝑥
Harmonic Conjugate Function

 Example :- If 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 7, then find its harmonic conjugate.

Solution :- 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑢 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑢 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2
𝑢 𝑦 = −6𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑣 = 6𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦

𝑣= 6𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + −3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦

6𝑦𝑥 2 −3𝑦3
𝑣= + + 𝑘 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 + 𝑘
2 3
𝑘 = real constant

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