1

Object-Oriented Programming:
Polymorphism
Outline
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy
10.2.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class
Objects
10.2.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects
10.2.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class
Pointers
10.2.4 Virtual Functions
10.3 Polymorphism Examples
10.4 Type Fields and switch Structures
10.5 Abstract Classes
10.6 Case Study: Inheriting Interface and Implementation
10.7 Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the
Hood”
10.8 Virtual Destructors

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 2

10.1 Introduction

• Polymorphism
– “Program in the general”
– Treat objects in same class hierarchy as if all base class
– Virtual functions and dynamic binding
• Will explain how polymorphism works
– Makes programs extensible
• New classes added easily, can still be processed
• In our examples
– Use abstract base class Shape
• Defines common interface (functionality)
• Point, Circle and Cylinder inherit from Shape
– Class Employee for a natural example

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 3
10.2 Relationships Among Objects in an
Inheritance Hierarchy
• Previously (Section 9.4),
– Circle inherited from Point
– Manipulated Point and Circle objects using member
functions
• Now
– Invoke functions using base-class/derived-class pointers
– Introduce virtual functions
• Key concept
– Derived-class object can be treated as base-class object
• “is-a” relationship
• Base class is not a derived class object

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 4
10.2.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from
Derived-Class Objects
• Aim pointers (base, derived) at objects (base,
derived)
– Base pointer aimed at base object
– Derived pointer aimed at derived object
• Both straightforward
– Base pointer aimed at derived object
• “is a” relationship
– Circle “is a” Point
• Will invoke base class functions
– Function call depends on the class of the pointer/handle
• Does not depend on object to which it points
• With virtual functions, this can be changed (more later)

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 5
1 // Fig. 10.1: point.h
2 // Point class definition represents an x-y coordinate pair.
Outline
3 #ifndef POINT_H
4 #define POINT_H
point.h (1 of 1)
5
6 class Point {
7
8 public:
9 Point( int = 0, int = 0 ); // default constructor
10
11 void setX( int ); // set x in coordinate pair
12 int getX() const; // return x from coordinate pair
13
Base class print function.
14 void setY( int ); // set y in coordinate pair
15 int getY() const; // return y from coordinate pair
16
17 void print() const; // output Point object
18
19 private:
20 int x; // x part of coordinate pair
21 int y; // y part of coordinate pair
22
23 }; // end class Point
24
25 #endif

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 6
1 // Fig. 10.2: point.cpp
2 // Point class member-function definitions.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
point.cpp (1 of 2)
5 using std::cout;
6
7 #include "point.h" // Point class definition
8
9 // default constructor
10 Point::Point( int xValue, int yValue )
11 : x( xValue ), y( yValue )
12 {
13 // empty body
14
15 } // end Point constructor
16
17 // set x in coordinate pair
18 void Point::setX( int xValue )
19 {
20 x = xValue; // no need for validation
21
22 } // end function setX
23

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 7
24 // return x from coordinate pair
25 int Point::getX() const
Outline
26 {
27 return x;
point.cpp (2 of 2)
28
29 } // end function getX
30
31 // set y in coordinate pair
32 void Point::setY( int yValue )
33 {
34 y = yValue; // no need for validation
35
36 } // end function setY
37
38 // return y from coordinate pair
39 int Point::getY() const
40 {
41 return y;
42
43 } // end function getY
Output the x,y coordinates of
44 the Point.
45 // output Point object
46 void Point::print() const
47 {
48 cout << '[' << getX() << ", " << getY() << ']';
49
50 } // end function print

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 8
1 // Fig. 10.3: circle.h
2 // Circle class contains x-y coordinate pair and radius.
Outline
3 #ifndef CIRCLE_H
4 #define CIRCLE_H
circle.h (1 of 1)
5
6 #include "point.h" // Point class definition
7
8 class Circle : public Point {
9
10 public:
11
Circle inherits from
12 // default constructor Point, but redefines its
13 Circle( int = 0, int = 0, double = 0.0 ); function.
print
14
15 void setRadius( double ); // set radius
16 double getRadius() const; // return radius
17
18 double getDiameter() const; // return diameter
19 double getCircumference() const; // return circumference
20 double getArea() const; // return area
21
22 void print() const; // output Circle object
23
24 private:
25 double radius; // Circle's radius
26
27 }; // end class Circle
28
29 #endif  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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 9
1 // Fig. 10.4: circle.cpp
2 // Circle class member-function definitions.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
circle.cpp (1 of 3)
5 using std::cout;
6
7 #include "circle.h" // Circle class definition
8
9 // default constructor
10 Circle::Circle( int xValue, int yValue, double radiusValue )
11 : Point( xValue, yValue ) // call base-class constructor
12 {
13 setRadius( radiusValue );
14
15 } // end Circle constructor
16
17 // set radius
18 void Circle::setRadius( double radiusValue )
19 {
20 radius = ( radiusValue < 0.0 ? 0.0 : radiusValue );
21
22 } // end function setRadius
23

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 10
24 // return radius
25 double Circle::getRadius() const
Outline
26 {
27 return radius;
circle.cpp (2 of 3)
28
29 } // end function getRadius
30
31 // calculate and return diameter
32 double Circle::getDiameter() const
33 {
34 return 2 * getRadius();
35
36 } // end function getDiameter
37
38 // calculate and return circumference
39 double Circle::getCircumference() const
40 {
41 return 3.14159 * getDiameter();
42
43 } // end function getCircumference
44
45 // calculate and return area
46 double Circle::getArea() const
47 {
48 return 3.14159 * getRadius() * getRadius();
49
50 } // end function getArea

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 11
51
52 // output Circle object
Circle redefines its print Outline
53 void Circle::print() const function. It calls Point’s
54 { print function to output the
circle.cpp (3 of 3)
55 cout << "center = "; x,y coordinates of the center,
56 then prints the radius.
Point::print(); // invoke Point's print function
57 cout << "; radius = " << getRadius();
58
59 } // end function print

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 12
1 // Fig. 10.5: fig10_05.cpp
2 // Aiming base-class and derived-class pointers at base-class
Outline
3 // and derived-class objects, respectively.
4 #include <iostream>
fig10_05.cpp
5
(1 of 3)
6 using std::cout;
7 using std::endl;
8 using std::fixed;
9
10 #include <iomanip>
11
12 using std::setprecision;
13
14 #include "point.h" // Point class definition
15 #include "circle.h" // Circle class definition
16
17 int main()
18 {
19 Point point( 30, 50 );
20 Point *pointPtr = 0; // base-class pointer
21
22 Circle circle( 120, 89, 2.7 );
23 Circle *circlePtr = 0; // derived-class pointer
24

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 13
25 Use objects and pointers to
// set floating-point numeric formatting
26 cout << fixed << setprecision( 2 ); call the print function. The
Outline
27 pointers and objects are of the
28 // output objects point and circle same class, so the proper fig10_05.cpp
29 cout << "Print point and circle objects:"
print function is called. (2 of 3)
30 << "\nPoint: ";
31 point.print(); // invokes Point's print
32 cout << "\nCircle: ";
33 circle.print(); // invokes Circle's print
34
35 // aim base-class pointer at base-class object and print
36 pointPtr = &point;
37 cout << "\n\nCalling print with base-class pointer to "
38 << "\nbase-class object invokes base-class print "
39 << "function:\n";
40 pointPtr->print(); // invokes Point's print
41
42 // aim derived-class pointer at derived-class object
43 // and print
44 circlePtr = &circle;
45 cout << "\n\nCalling print with derived-class pointer to "
46 << "\nderived-class object invokes derived-class "
47 << "print function:\n";
48 circlePtr->print(); // invokes Circle's print
49

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 14
50 // aim base-class pointer at derived-class object and print
51 pointPtr = &circle;
Outline
52 cout << "\n\nCalling print with base-class pointer to "
53 << "derived-class object\ninvokes base-class print "
fig10_05.cpp
54 << "function on that derived-class object:\n";
(3 of 3)
55 pointPtr->print(); // invokes Point's print
56 cout << endl;
Aiming a base-class pointer at
57
58 return 0;
a derived object is allowed
59 (the Circle “is a” Point).
60 } // end main However, it calls Point’s
print function, determined by
the pointer type. virtual
functions allow us to change
this.

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 15
Print point and circle objects:
Point: [30, 50]
Outline
Circle: center = [120, 89]; radius = 2.70
 
fig10_05.cpp
Calling print with base-class pointer to
output (1 of 1)
base-class object invokes base-class print function:
[30, 50]
 
Calling print with derived-class pointer to
derived-class object invokes derived-class print function:
center = [120, 89]; radius = 2.70
 
Calling print with base-class pointer to derived-class object
invokes base-class print function on that derived-class object:
[120, 89]

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 16
10.2.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-
Class Objects
• Previous example
– Aimed base-class pointer at derived object
• Circle “is a” Point
• Aim a derived-class pointer at a base-class object
– Compiler error
• No “is a” relationship
• Point is not a Circle
• Circle has data/functions that Point does not
– setRadius (defined in Circle) not defined in Point
– Can cast base-object’s address to derived-class pointer
• Called downcasting (more in 10.9)
• Allows derived-class functionality

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 17
1 // Fig. 10.6: fig10_06.cpp
2 // Aiming a derived-class pointer at a base-class object.
Outline
3 #include "point.h" // Point class definition
4 #include "circle.h" // Circle class definition
fig10_06.cpp
5
(1 of 1)
6 int main()
7 {
8 Point point( 30, 50 ); fig10_06.cpp
9 Circle *circlePtr = 0; output (1 of 1)
10
11 // aim derived-class pointer at base-class object
12 circlePtr = &point; // Error: a Point is not a Circle
13
14 return 0;
15
16 } // end main

C:\cpphtp4\examples\ch10\fig10_06\Fig10_06.cpp(12) : error C2440:

'=' : cannot convert from 'class Point *' to 'class Circle *'
Types pointed to are unrelated; conversion requires
reinterpret_cast, C-style cast or function-style cast

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 18
10.2.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via
Base-Class Pointers
• Handle (pointer/reference)
– Base-pointer can aim at derived-object
• But can only call base-class functions
– Calling derived-class functions is a compiler error
• Functions not defined in base-class
• Common theme
– Data type of pointer/reference determines functions it can
call

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 19
1 // Fig. 10.7: fig10_07.cpp
2 // Attempting to invoke derived-class-only member functions
Outline
3 // through a base-class pointer.
4 #include "point.h" // Point class definition
fig10_07.cpp
5 #include "circle.h" // Circle class definition
(1 of 2)
6
7 int main()
8 {
9 Point *pointPtr = 0;
10 Circle circle( 120, 89, 2.7 );
11
12 // aim base-class pointer at derived-class object
13 pointPtr = &circle;
14
15 // invoke base-class member functions on derived-class
16 // object through base-class pointer
17 int x = pointPtr->getX();
18 int y = pointPtr->getY();
19 pointPtr->setX( 10 );
20 pointPtr->setY( 10 );
21 pointPtr->print();
22

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 20
23 // attempt to invoke derived-class-only member functions
24 // on derived-class object through base-class pointer
Outline
25 double radius = pointPtr->getRadius();
26 pointPtr->setRadius( 33.33 );
fig10_07.cpp
27 double diameter = pointPtr->getDiameter();
(2 of 2)
28 double circumference = pointPtr->getCircumference();
29 double area = pointPtr->getArea();
30
31 return 0;
32
33 } // end main

These functions are only

defined in Circle.
However, pointPtr is of
class Point.

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 21
C:\cpphtp4\examples\ch10\fig10_07\fig10_07.cpp(25) : error C2039:
'getRadius' : is not a member of 'Point' Outline
C:\cpphtp4\examples\ch10\fig10_07\point.h(6) :
see declaration of 'Point'
 
fig10_07.cpp
C:\cpphtp4\examples\ch10\fig10_07\fig10_07.cpp(26) : error C2039: output (1 of 1)
'setRadius' : is not a member of 'Point'
C:\cpphtp4\examples\ch10\fig10_07\point.h(6) :
see declaration of 'Point'
 
C:\cpphtp4\examples\ch10\fig10_07\fig10_07.cpp(27) : error C2039:
'getDiameter' : is not a member of 'Point'
C:\cpphtp4\examples\ch10\fig10_07\point.h(6) :
see declaration of 'Point'
 
C:\cpphtp4\examples\ch10\fig10_07\fig10_07.cpp(28) : error C2039:
'getCircumference' : is not a member of 'Point'
C:\cpphtp4\examples\ch10\fig10_07\point.h(6) :
see declaration of 'Point'
 
C:\cpphtp4\examples\ch10\fig10_07\fig10_07.cpp(29) : error C2039:
'getArea' : is not a member of 'Point'
C:\cpphtp4\examples\ch10\fig10_07\point.h(6) :
see declaration of 'Point'

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 22

10.2.4 Virtual Functions

• Typically, pointer-class determines functions

• virtual functions
– Object (not pointer) determines function called
• Why useful?
– Suppose Circle, Triangle, Rectangle derived from
Shape
• Each has own draw function
– To draw any shape
• Have base class Shape pointer, call draw
• Program determines proper draw function at run time
(dynamically)
• Treat all shapes generically

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 23

10.2.4 Virtual Functions

• Declare draw as virtual in base class

– Override draw in each derived class
• Like redefining, but new function must have same signature
– If function declared virtual, can only be overridden
• virtual void draw() const;
• Once declared virtual, virtual in all derived classes
– Good practice to explicitly declare virtual
• Dynamic binding
– Choose proper function to call at run time
– Only occurs off pointer handles
• If function called from object, uses that object’s definition

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 24

10.2.4 Virtual Functions

• Example
– Redo Point, Circle example with virtual functions
– Base-class pointer to derived-class object
• Will call derived-class function

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 25
1 // Fig. 10.8: point.h
2 // Point class definition represents an x-y coordinate pair.
Outline
3 #ifndef POINT_H
4 #define POINT_H
point.h (1 of 1)
5
6 class Point {
7
8 public:
9 Point( int = 0, int = 0 ); // default constructor
10
11 void setX( int ); // set x in coordinate pair
12 int getX() const; // return x from coordinate pair
13
Print declared virtual. It
14 void setY( int ); // set y in coordinate pair
will be virtual in all
15 int getY() const; // return y from coordinate pair
16
derived classes.
17 virtual void print() const; // output Point object
18
19 private:
20 int x; // x part of coordinate pair
21 int y; // y part of coordinate pair
22
23 }; // end class Point
24
25 #endif

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 26
1 // Fig. 10.9: circle.h
2 // Circle class contains x-y coordinate pair and radius.
Outline
3 #ifndef CIRCLE_H
4 #define CIRCLE_H
circle.h (1 of 1)
5
6 #include "point.h" // Point class definition
7
8 class Circle : public Point {
9
10 public:
11
12 // default constructor
13 Circle( int = 0, int = 0, double = 0.0 );
14
15 void setRadius( double ); // set radius
16 double getRadius() const; // return radius
17
18 double getDiameter() const; // return diameter
19 double getCircumference() const; // return circumference
20 double getArea() const; // return area
21
22 virtual void print() const; // output Circle object
23
24 private:
25 double radius; // Circle's radius
26
27 }; // end class Circle
28
29 #endif  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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 27
1 // Fig. 10.10: fig10_10.cpp
2 // Introducing polymorphism, virtual functions and dynamic
Outline
3 // binding.
4 #include <iostream>
fig10_10.cpp
5
(1 of 3)
6 using std::cout;
7 using std::endl;
8 using std::fixed;
9
10 #include <iomanip>
11
12 using std::setprecision;
13
14 #include "point.h" // Point class definition
15 #include "circle.h" // Circle class definition
16
17 int main()
18 {
19 Point point( 30, 50 );
20 Point *pointPtr = 0;
21
22 Circle circle( 120, 89, 2.7 );
23 Circle *circlePtr = 0;
24

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 28
25 // set floating-point numeric formatting
26 cout << fixed << setprecision( 2 );
Outline
27
28 // output objects point and circle using static binding
fig10_10.cpp
29 cout << "Invoking print function on point and circle "
(2 of 3)
30 << "\nobjects with static binding "
31 << "\n\nPoint: ";
32 point.print(); // static binding
33 cout << "\nCircle: ";
34 circle.print(); // static binding
35
36 // output objects point and circle using dynamic binding
37 cout << "\n\nInvoking print function on point and circle "
38 << "\nobjects with dynamic binding";
39
40 // aim base-class pointer at base-class object and print
41 pointPtr = &point;
42 cout << "\n\nCalling virtual function print with base-class"
43 << "\npointer to base-class object"
44 << "\ninvokes base-class print function:\n";
45 pointPtr->print();
46

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 29
47 // aim derived-class pointer at derived-class
48 // object and print
Outline
49 circlePtr = &circle;
50 cout << "\n\nCalling virtual function print with "
fig10_10.cpp
51 << "\nderived-class pointer to derived-class object "
(3 of 3)
52 << "\ninvokes derived-class print function:\n";
53 circlePtr->print();
54
55 // aim base-class pointer at derived-class object and print
56 pointPtr = &circle;
57 cout << "\n\nCalling virtual function print with base-class"
58 << "\npointer to derived-class object "
59 << "\ninvokes derived-class print function:\n";
60 pointPtr->print(); // polymorphism: invokes circle's print
61 cout << endl;
62
63 return 0;
At run time, the program
64
determines that pointPtr is
65 } // end main
aiming at a Circle object,
and calls Circle’s print
function. This is an example
of polymorphism.

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 30
Invoking print function on point and circle
objects with static binding
Outline
 
Point: [30, 50]
fig10_10.cpp
Circle: Center = [120, 89]; Radius = 2.70
output (1 of 1)
 
Invoking print function on point and circle
objects with dynamic binding
 
Calling virtual function print with base-class
pointer to base-class object
invokes base-class print function:
[30, 50]
 
Calling virtual function print with
derived-class pointer to derived-class object
invokes derived-class print function:
Center = [120, 89]; Radius = 2.70
 
Calling virtual function print with base-class
pointer to derived-class object
invokes derived-class print function:
Center = [120, 89]; Radius = 2.70

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 31

10.2.4 Virtual Functions

• Polymorphism
– Same message, “print”, given to many objects
• All through a base pointer
– Message takes on “many forms”
• Summary
– Base-pointer to base-object, derived-pointer to derived
• Straightforward
– Base-pointer to derived object
• Can only call base-class functions
– Derived-pointer to base-object
• Compiler error
• Allowed if explicit cast made (more in section 10.9)

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 32

10.3 Polymorphism Examples

• Examples
– Suppose Rectangle derives from Quadrilateral
• Rectangle more specific Quadrilateral
• Any operation on Quadrilateral can be done on
Rectangle (i.e., perimeter, area)
• Suppose designing video game
– Base class SpaceObject
• Derived Martian, SpaceShip, LaserBeam
• Base function draw
– To refresh screen
• Screen manager has vector of base-class pointers to objects
• Send draw message to each object
• Same message has “many forms” of results

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 33

10.3 Polymorphism Examples

• Video game example, continued

– Easy to add class Mercurian
• Inherits from SpaceObject
• Provides own definition for draw
– Screen manager does not need to change code
• Calls draw regardless of object’s type
• Mercurian objects “plug right in”
• Polymorphism
– Command many objects without knowing type
– Extensible programs
• Add classes easily

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 34

10.4 Type Fields and switch Structures

• One way to determine object's class

– Give base class an attribute
• shapeType in class Shape
– Use switch to call proper print function
• Many problems
– May forget to test for case in switch
– If add/remove a class, must update switch structures
• Time consuming and error prone
• Better to use polymorphism
– Less branching logic, simpler programs, less debugging

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 35

10.5 Abstract Classes

• Abstract classes
– Sole purpose: to be a base class (called abstract base classes)
– Incomplete
• Derived classes fill in "missing pieces"
– Cannot make objects from abstract class
• However, can have pointers and references
• Concrete classes
– Can instantiate objects
– Implement all functions they define
– Provide specifics

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 36

10.5 Abstract Classes

• Abstract classes not required, but helpful

• To make a class abstract
– Need one or more "pure" virtual functions
• Declare function with initializer of 0
virtual void draw() const = 0;
– Regular virtual functions
• Have implementations, overriding is optional
– Pure virtual functions
• No implementation, must be overridden
– Abstract classes can have data and concrete functions
• Required to have one or more pure virtual functions

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 37

10.5 Abstract Classes

• Abstract base class pointers

– Useful for polymorphism
• Application example
– Abstract class Shape
• Defines draw as pure virtual function
– Circle, Triangle, Rectangle derived from Shape
• Each must implement draw
– Screen manager knows that each object can draw itself
• Iterators (more Chapter 21)
– Walk through elements in vector/array
– Use base-class pointer to send draw message to each

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 38
10.6 Case Study: Inheriting Interface and
Implementation
• Make abstract base class Shape
– Pure virtual functions (must be implemented)
• getName, print
• Default implementation does not make sense
– Virtual functions (may be redefined)
• getArea, getVolume
– Initially return 0.0
• If not redefined, uses base class definition
– Derive classes Point, Circle, Cylinder

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 39
10.6 Case Study: Inheriting Interface and
Implementation

getArea getVolume getName print

Shape 0.0 0.0 = 0 = 0

Point 0.0 0.0 "Point" [x,y]

r2 0.0 "Circle" center=[x,y];

Circle radius=r

center=[x,y];
Cylinder 2r +2rh
2
r h
2
"Cylinder" radius=r;
height=h

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 40
1 // Fig. 10.12: shape.h
2 // Shape abstract-base-class definition.
Outline
3 #ifndef SHAPE_H
4 #define SHAPE_H
shape.h (1 of 1)
5
6 #include <string> // C++ standard string class
7
8 using std::string;
9
10 class Shape {
11
Virtual and pure virtual
12 public: functions.
13
14 // virtual function that returns shape area
15 virtual double getArea() const;
16
17 // virtual function that returns shape volume
18 virtual double getVolume() const;
19
20 // pure virtual functions; overridden in derived classes
21 virtual string getName() const = 0; // return shape name
22 virtual void print() const = 0; // output shape
23
24 }; // end class Shape
25
26 #endif

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 41
1 // Fig. 10.13: shape.cpp
2 // Shape class member-function definitions.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
shape.cpp (1 of 1)
5 using std::cout;
6
7 #include "shape.h" // Shape class definition
8
9 // return area of shape; 0.0 by default
10 double getArea() const
11 {
12 return 0.0;
13
14 } // end function getArea
15
16 // return volume of shape; 0.0 by default
17 double getVolume() const
18 {
19 return 0.0;
20
21 } // end function getVolume

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 42
1 // Fig. 10.14: point.h
2 // Point class definition represents an x-y coordinate pair.
Outline
3 #ifndef POINT_H
4 #define POINT_H
5
point.h (1 of 2)
6 #include "shape.h" // Shape class definition
7
8 class Point : public Shape {
9
10 public:
11 Point( int = 0, int = 0 ); // default constructor
12
Point only redefines
13 void setX( int ); // set x in coordinate pair
getName and print, since
14 int getX() const; // return x from coordinate pair
15
getArea and getVolume
16 void setY( int ); // set y in arepair
coordinate zero (it can use the default
17 int getY() const; // return y implementation).
from coordinate pair
18
19 // return name of shape (i.e., "Point" )
20 virtual string getName() const;
21
22 virtual void print() const; // output Point object
23

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 43
24 private:
25 int x; // x part of coordinate pair
Outline
26 int y; // y part of coordinate pair
27
point.h (2 of 2)
28 }; // end class Point
29
30 #endif

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 44
1 // Fig. 10.15: point.cpp
2 // Point class member-function definitions.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
point.cpp (1 of 3)
5 using std::cout;
6
7 #include "point.h" // Point class definition
8
9 // default constructor
10 Point::Point( int xValue, int yValue )
11 : x( xValue ), y( yValue )
12 {
13 // empty body
14
15 } // end Point constructor
16
17 // set x in coordinate pair
18 void Point::setX( int xValue )
19 {
20 x = xValue; // no need for validation
21
22 } // end function setX
23

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 45
24 // return x from coordinate pair
25 int Point::getX() const
Outline
26 {
27 return x;
point.cpp (2 of 3)
28
29 } // end function getX
30
31 // set y in coordinate pair
32 void Point::setY( int yValue )
33 {
34 y = yValue; // no need for validation
35
36 } // end function setY
37
38 // return y from coordinate pair
39 int Point::getY() const
40 {
41 return y;
42
43 } // end function getY
44

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 46
45 // override pure virtual function getName: return name of Point
46 string Point::getName() const
Outline
47 {
48 return "Point";
point.cpp (3 of 3)
49
50 } // end function getName
51
52 // override pure virtual function print: output Point object
53 void Point::print() const
54 {
55 cout << '[' << getX() << ", " << getY() << ']';
56
57 } // end function print
Must override pure virtual
functions getName and
print.

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 47
1 // Fig. 10.16: circle.h
2 // Circle class contains x-y coordinate pair and radius.
Outline
3 #ifndef CIRCLE_H
4 #define CIRCLE_H
circle.h (1 of 2)
5
6 #include "point.h" // Point class definition
7
8 class Circle : public Point {
9
10 public:
11
12 // default constructor
13 Circle( int = 0, int = 0, double = 0.0 );
14
15 void setRadius( double ); // set radius
16 double getRadius() const; // return radius
17
18 double getDiameter() const; // return diameter
19 double getCircumference() const; // return circumference
20 virtual double getArea() const; // return area
21
22 // return name of shape (i.e., "Circle")
23 virtual string getName() const;
24
25 virtual void print() const; // output Circle object

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 48
26
27 private:
Outline
28 double radius; // Circle's radius
29
circle.h (2 of 2)
30 }; // end class Circle
31
32 #endif

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 49
1 // Fig. 10.17: circle.cpp
2 // Circle class member-function definitions.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
circle.cpp (1 of 3)
5 using std::cout;
6
7 #include "circle.h" // Circle class definition
8
9 // default constructor
10 Circle::Circle( int xValue, int yValue, double radiusValue )
11 : Point( xValue, yValue ) // call base-class constructor
12 {
13 setRadius( radiusValue );
14
15 } // end Circle constructor
16
17 // set radius
18 void Circle::setRadius( double radiusValue )
19 {
20 radius = ( radiusValue < 0.0 ? 0.0 : radiusValue );
21
22 } // end function setRadius
23

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 50
24 // return radius
25 double Circle::getRadius() const
Outline
26 {
27 return radius;
circle.cpp (2 of 3)
28
29 } // end function getRadius
30
31 // calculate and return diameter
32 double Circle::getDiameter() const
33 {
34 return 2 * getRadius();
35
36 } // end function getDiameter
37
38 // calculate and return circumference
39 double Circle::getCircumference() const
40 {
41 return 3.14159 * getDiameter();
42
43 } // end function getCircumference
44

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 51
45 // override virtual function getArea: return area of Circle
46 double Circle::getArea() const
Outline
47 {
48 return 3.14159 * getRadius() * getRadius();
circle.cpp (3 of 3)
49
50 } // end function getArea
51
52 Override
// override virutual function getName: return name of because
getArea Circle it
53 string Circle::getName() const now applies to Circle.
54 {
55 return "Circle";
56
57 } // end function getName
58
59 // override virtual function print: output Circle object
60 void Circle::print() const
61 {
62 cout << "center is ";
63 Point::print(); // invoke Point's print function
64 cout << "; radius is " << getRadius();
65
66 } // end function print

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 52
1 // Fig. 10.18: cylinder.h
2 // Cylinder class inherits from class Circle.
Outline
3 #ifndef CYLINDER_H
4 #define CYLINDER_H
cylinder.h (1 of 2)
5
6 #include "circle.h" // Circle class definition
7
8 class Cylinder : public Circle {
9
10 public:
11
12 // default constructor
13 Cylinder( int = 0, int = 0, double = 0.0, double = 0.0 );
14
15 void setHeight( double ); // set Cylinder's height
16 double getHeight() const; // return Cylinder's height
17
18 virtual double getArea() const; // return Cylinder's area
19 virtual double getVolume() const; // return Cylinder's volume
20

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 53
21 // return name of shape (i.e., "Cylinder" )
22 virtual string getName() const;
Outline
23
24 virtual void print() const; // output Cylinder
cylinder.h (2 of 2)
25
26 private:
27 double height; // Cylinder's height
28
29 }; // end class Cylinder
30
31 #endif

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 54
1 // Fig. 10.19: cylinder.cpp
2 // Cylinder class inherits from class Circle.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
cylinder.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 3)
6
7 #include "cylinder.h" // Cylinder class definition
8
9 // default constructor
10 Cylinder::Cylinder( int xValue, int yValue, double radiusValue,
11 double heightValue )
12 : Circle( xValue, yValue, radiusValue )
13 {
14 setHeight( heightValue );
15
16 } // end Cylinder constructor
17
18 // set Cylinder's height
19 void Cylinder::setHeight( double heightValue )
20 {
21 height = ( heightValue < 0.0 ? 0.0 : heightValue );
22
23 } // end function setHeight

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 55
24
25 // get Cylinder's height
Outline
26 double Cylinder::getHeight() const
27 {
cylinder.cpp
28 return height;
(2 of 3)
29
30 } // end function getHeight
31
32 // override virtual function getArea: return Cylinder area
33 double Cylinder::getArea() const
34 {
35 return 2 * Circle::getArea() + // code reuse
36 getCircumference() * getHeight();
37
38 } // end function getArea
39
40 // override virtual function getVolume: return Cylinder volume
41 double Cylinder::getVolume() const
42 {
43 return Circle::getArea() * getHeight(); // code reuse
44
45 } // end function getVolume
46

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 56
47 // override virtual function getName: return name of Cylinder
48 string Cylinder::getName() const
Outline
49 {
50 return "Cylinder";
cylinder.cpp
51
(3 of 3)
52 } // end function getName
53
54 // output Cylinder object
55 void Cylinder::print() const
56 {
57 Circle::print(); // code reuse
58 cout << "; height is " << getHeight();
59
60 } // end function print

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 57
1 // Fig. 10.20: fig10_20.cpp
2 // Driver for shape, point, circle, cylinder hierarchy.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig10_20.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 5)
6 using std::endl;
7 using std::fixed;
8
9 #include <iomanip>
10
11 using std::setprecision;
12
13 #include <vector>
14
15 using std::vector;
16
17 #include "shape.h" // Shape class definition
18 #include "point.h" // Point class definition
19 #include "circle.h" // Circle class definition
20 #include "cylinder.h" // Cylinder class definition
21
22 void virtualViaPointer( const Shape * );
23 void virtualViaReference( const Shape & );
24

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 58
25 int main()
26 {
Outline
27 // set floating-point number format
28 cout << fixed << setprecision( 2 );
fig10_20.cpp
29
(2 of 5)
30 Point point( 7, 11 ); // create a Point
31 Circle circle( 22, 8, 3.5 ); // create a Circle
32 Cylinder cylinder( 10, 10, 3.3, 10 ); // create a Cylinder
33
34 cout << point.getName() << ": "; // static binding
35 point.print(); // static binding
36 cout << '\n';
37
38 cout << circle.getName() << ": "; // static binding
39 circle.print(); // static binding
40 cout << '\n';
41
42 cout << cylinder.getName() << ": "; // static binding
43 cylinder.print(); // static binding
44 cout << "\n\n";
45

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 59
46 // create vector of three base-class pointers
47 vector< Shape * > shapeVector( 3 );
Outline
48 Create a vector of generic
49 // aim shapeVector[0] at derived-class Shape
Point pointers, and aim them at
object
fig10_20.cpp
50 shapeVector[ 0 ] = &point; various objects.
(3 of 5)
51
52 Function
// aim shapeVector[1] at derived-class Circle object
53 shapeVector[ 1 ] = &circle; virtualViaPointer calls
54 the virtual functions (print,
55 // aim shapeVector[2] at derived-class Cylinder object
getName, etc.) using the base-
56 shapeVector[ 2 ] = &cylinder;
class pointers.
57
58 // loop through shapeVector and call virtualViaPointer
59 The and
// to print the shape name, attributes, area typesvolume
are dynamically bound
60 // of each object using dynamic binding at run-time.
61 cout << "\nVirtual function calls made off "
62 << "base-class pointers:\n\n";
63
64 for ( int i = 0; i < shapeVector.size(); i++ )
65 virtualViaPointer( shapeVector[ i ] );
66

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 60
67 // loop through shapeVector and call virtualViaReference
68 // to print the shape name, attributes, area and volume
Outline
69 // of each object using dynamic binding
70 cout << "\nVirtual function calls made off "
Use references instead of fig10_20.cpp
71 << "base-class references:\n\n";
pointers, for the same effect. (4 of 5)
72
73 for ( int j = 0; j < shapeVector.size(); j++ )
74 virtualViaReference( *shapeVector[ j ] );
75
76 return 0;
77
78 } // end main
79
80 // make virtual function calls off a base-class pointer
Call virtual functions; the
81 // using dynamic binding
82
proper class function will be
void virtualViaPointer( const Shape *baseClassPtr )
83 { called at run-time.
84 cout << baseClassPtr->getName() << ": ";
85
86 baseClassPtr->print();
87
88 cout << "\narea is " << baseClassPtr->getArea()
89 << "\nvolume is " << baseClassPtr->getVolume()
90 << "\n\n";
91
92 } // end function virtualViaPointer
93

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 61
94 // make virtual function calls off a base-class reference
95 // using dynamic binding
Outline
96 void virtualViaReference( const Shape &baseClassRef )
97 {
fig10_20.cpp
98 cout << baseClassRef.getName() << ": ";
(5 of 5)
99
100 baseClassRef.print();
101
102 cout << "\narea is " << baseClassRef.getArea()
103 << "\nvolume is " << baseClassRef.getVolume() << "\n\n";
104
105 } // end function virtualViaReference

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 62
Point: [7, 11]
Circle: center is [22, 8]; radius is 3.50
Outline
Cylinder: center is [10, 10]; radius is 3.30; height is 10.00
 
fig10_20.cpp
 
output (1 of 2)
Virtual function calls made off base-class pointers:
 
Point: [7, 11]
area is 0.00
volume is 0.00
 
Circle: center is [22, 8]; radius is 3.50
area is 38.48
volume is 0.00
 
Cylinder: center is [10, 10]; radius is 3.30; height is 10.00
area is 275.77
volume is 342.12
 
 
 

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 63
Virtual function calls made off base-class references:
 
Outline
Point: [7, 11]
area is 0.00
fig10_20.cpp
volume is 0.00
output (2 of 2)
Circle: center is [22, 8]; radius is 3.50
area is 38.48
volume is 0.00
 
Cylinder: center is [10, 10]; radius is 3.30; height is 10.00
area is 275.77
volume is 342.12

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 64
10.7 Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and
Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood”
• Polymorphism has overhead
– Not used in STL (Standard Template Library) to optimize
performance
• virtual function table (vtable)
– Every class with a virtual function has a vtable
– For every virtual function, vtable has pointer to the
proper function
– If derived class has same function as base class
• Function pointer aims at base-class function
– Detailed explanation in Fig. 10.21

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 65

10.8 Virtual Destructors

• Base class pointer to derived object

– If destroyed using delete, behavior unspecified
• Simple fix
– Declare base-class destructor virtual
• Makes derived-class destructors virtual
– Now, when delete used appropriate destructor called
• When derived-class object destroyed
– Derived-class destructor executes first
– Base-class destructor executes afterwards
• Constructors cannot be virtual

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 66
10.9 Case Study: Payroll System Using
Polymorphism
• Create a payroll program
– Use virtual functions and polymorphism
• Problem statement
– 4 types of employees, paid weekly
• Salaried (fixed salary, no matter the hours)
• Hourly (overtime [>40 hours] pays time and a half)
• Commission (paid percentage of sales)
• Base-plus-commission (base salary + percentage of sales)
– Boss wants to raise pay by 10%

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 67
10.9 Case Study: Payroll System Using
Polymorphism
• Base class Employee
– Pure virtual function earnings (returns pay)
• Pure virtual because need to know employee type
• Cannot calculate for generic employee
– Other classes derive from Employee

Employee

SalariedEmployee CommissionEmployee HourlyEmployee

BasePlusCommissionEmployee

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 68
10.9 Case Study: Payroll System Using
Polymorphism
• Downcasting
– dynamic_cast operator
• Determine object's type at runtime
• Returns 0 if not of proper type (cannot be cast)
NewClass *ptr = dynamic_cast < NewClass *> objectPtr;

• Keyword typeid
– Header <typeinfo>
– Usage: typeid(object)
• Returns type_info object
• Has information about type of operand, including name
• typeid(object).name()

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 69
1 // Fig. 10.23: employee.h
2 // Employee abstract base class.
Outline
3 #ifndef EMPLOYEE_H
4 #define EMPLOYEE_H
employee.h (1 of 2)
5
6 #include <string> // C++ standard string class
7
8 using std::string;
9
10 class Employee {
11
12 public:
13 Employee( const string &, const string &, const string & );
14
15 void setFirstName( const string & );
16 string getFirstName() const;
17
18 void setLastName( const string & );
19 string getLastName() const;
20
21 void setSocialSecurityNumber( const string & );
22 string getSocialSecurityNumber() const;
23

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 70
24 // pure virtual function makes Employee abstract base class
25 virtual double earnings() const = 0; // pure virtual
Outline
26 virtual void print() const; // virtual
27
employee.h (2 of 2)
28 private:
29 string firstName;
30 string lastName;
31 string socialSecurityNumber;
32
33 }; // end class Employee
34
35 #endif // EMPLOYEE_H

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 71
1 // Fig. 10.24: employee.cpp
2 // Abstract-base-class Employee member-function definitions.
Outline
3 // Note: No definitions are given for pure virtual functions.
4 #include <iostream>
employee.cpp
5
(1 of 3)
6 using std::cout;
7 using std::endl;
8
9 #include "employee.h" // Employee class definition
10
11 // constructor
12 Employee::Employee( const string &first, const string &last,
13 const string &SSN )
14 : firstName( first ),
15 lastName( last ),
16 socialSecurityNumber( SSN )
17 {
18 // empty body
19
20 } // end Employee constructor
21

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 72
22 // return first name
23 string Employee::getFirstName() const
Outline
24 {
25 return firstName;
employee.cpp
26
(2 of 3)
27 } // end function getFirstName
28
29 // return last name
30 string Employee::getLastName() const
31 {
32 return lastName;
33
34 } // end function getLastName
35
36 // return social security number
37 string Employee::getSocialSecurityNumber() const
38 {
39 return socialSecurityNumber;
40
41 } // end function getSocialSecurityNumber
42
43 // set first name
44 void Employee::setFirstName( const string &first )
45 {
46 firstName = first;
47
48 } // end function setFirstName
49
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 73
50 // set last name
51 void Employee::setLastName( const string &last )
Outline
52 {
53 lastName = last;
employee.cpp
54
(3 of 3)
55 } // end function setLastName
56
57 // set social security number
58 void Employee::setSocialSecurityNumber( const string &number )
59 {
60 socialSecurityNumber = number; // should validate
61
62 Default
} // end function setSocialSecurityNumber implementation for
63 virtual function print.
64 // print Employee's information
65 void Employee::print() const
66 {
67 cout << getFirstName() << ' ' << getLastName()
68 << "\nsocial security number: "
69 << getSocialSecurityNumber() << endl;
70
71 } // end function print

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 74
1 // Fig. 10.25: salaried.h
2 // SalariedEmployee class derived from Employee.
Outline
3 #ifndef SALARIED_H
4 #define SALARIED_H
salaried.h (1 of 1)
5
6 #include "employee.h" // Employee class definition
7
8 class SalariedEmployee : public Employee {
9
10 public:
New functions for the
11 SalariedEmployee
SalariedEmployee( const string &, const string &, class.
12 const string &, double = 0.0 );
13 earnings must be
14 void setWeeklySalary( double ); overridden. print is
15 double getWeeklySalary() const; overridden to specify that this
16 is a salaried employee.
17 virtual double earnings() const;
18 virtual void print() const; // "salaried employee: "
19
20 private:
21 double weeklySalary;
22
23 }; // end class SalariedEmployee
24
25 #endif // SALARIED_H

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 75
1 // Fig. 10.26: salaried.cpp
2 // SalariedEmployee class member-function definitions.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
salaried.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 2)
6
7 #include "salaried.h" // SalariedEmployee class definition
8
9 // SalariedEmployee constructor
10
Use base class constructor
SalariedEmployee::SalariedEmployee( const string &first,
for
11 const string &last, const string basic fields.
&socialSecurityNumber,
12 double salary )
13 : Employee( first, last, socialSecurityNumber )
14 {
15 setWeeklySalary( salary );
16
17 } // end SalariedEmployee constructor
18
19 // set salaried employee's salary
20 void SalariedEmployee::setWeeklySalary( double salary )
21 {
22 weeklySalary = salary < 0.0 ? 0.0 : salary;
23
24 } // end function setWeeklySalary
25

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 76
26 // calculate salaried employee's pay
27 double SalariedEmployee::earnings() const
Outline
28 {
29 return getWeeklySalary();
salaried.cpp
30
Must implement pure virtual (2 of 2)
31 } // end function earnings
32 functions.
33 // return salaried employee's salary
34 double SalariedEmployee::getWeeklySalary() const
35 {
36 return weeklySalary;
37
38 } // end function getWeeklySalary
39
40 // print salaried employee's name
41 void SalariedEmployee::print() const
42 {
43 cout << "\nsalaried employee: ";
44 Employee::print(); // code reuse
45
46 } // end function print

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 77
1 // Fig. 10.27: hourly.h
2 // HourlyEmployee class definition.
Outline
3 #ifndef HOURLY_H
4 #define HOURLY_H
hourly.h (1 of 1)
5
6 #include "employee.h" // Employee class definition
7
8 class HourlyEmployee : public Employee {
9
10 public:
11 HourlyEmployee( const string &, const string &,
12 const string &, double = 0.0, double = 0.0 );
13
14 void setWage( double );
15 double getWage() const;
16
17 void setHours( double );
18 double getHours() const;
19
20 virtual double earnings() const;
21 virtual void print() const;
22
23 private:
24 double wage; // wage per hour
25 double hours; // hours worked for week
26
27 }; // end class HourlyEmployee
28
29 #endif // HOURLY_H  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
 78
1 // Fig. 10.28: hourly.cpp
2 // HourlyEmployee class member-function definitions.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
hourly.cpp (1 of 3)
5 using std::cout;
6
7 #include "hourly.h"
8
9 // constructor for class HourlyEmployee
10 HourlyEmployee::HourlyEmployee( const string &first,
11 const string &last, const string &socialSecurityNumber,
12 double hourlyWage, double hoursWorked )
13 : Employee( first, last, socialSecurityNumber )
14 {
15 setWage( hourlyWage );
16 setHours( hoursWorked );
17
18 } // end HourlyEmployee constructor
19
20 // set hourly employee's wage
21 void HourlyEmployee::setWage( double wageAmount )
22 {
23 wage = wageAmount < 0.0 ? 0.0 : wageAmount;
24
25 } // end function setWage

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 79
26
27 // set hourly employee's hours worked
Outline
28 void HourlyEmployee::setHours( double hoursWorked )
29 {
hourly.cpp (2 of 3)
30 hours = ( hoursWorked >= 0.0 && hoursWorked <= 168.0 ) ?
31 hoursWorked : 0.0;
32
33 } // end function setHours
34
35 // return hours worked
36 double HourlyEmployee::getHours() const
37 {
38 return hours;
39
40 } // end function getHours
41
42 // return wage
43 double HourlyEmployee::getWage() const
44 {
45 return wage;
46
47 } // end function getWage
48

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 80
49 // get hourly employee's pay
50 double HourlyEmployee::earnings() const
Outline
51 {
52 if ( hours <= 40 ) // no overtime
hourly.cpp (3 of 3)
53 return wage * hours;
54 else // overtime is paid at wage * 1.5
55 return 40 * wage + ( hours - 40 ) * wage * 1.5;
56
57 } // end function earnings
58
59 // print hourly employee's information
60 void HourlyEmployee::print() const
61 {
62 cout << "\nhourly employee: ";
63 Employee::print(); // code reuse
64
65 } // end function print

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 81
1 // Fig. 10.29: commission.h
2 // CommissionEmployee class derived from Employee.
Outline
3 #ifndef COMMISSION_H
4 #define COMMISSION_H
commission.h
5
(1 of 1)
6 #include "employee.h" // Employee class definition
7
8 class CommissionEmployee : public Employee {
9
10 public:
11
Must set rate and sales.
CommissionEmployee( const string &, const string &,
12 const string &, double = 0.0, double = 0.0 );
13
14 void setCommissionRate( double );
15 double getCommissionRate() const;
16
17 void setGrossSales( double );
18 double getGrossSales() const;
19
20 virtual double earnings() const;
21 virtual void print() const;
22
23 private:
24 double grossSales; // gross weekly sales
25 double commissionRate; // commission percentage
26
27 }; // end class CommissionEmployee
28
29 #endif // COMMISSION_H  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
 82
1 // Fig. 10.30: commission.cpp
2 // CommissionEmployee class member-function definitions.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
commission.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 3)
6
7 #include "commission.h" // Commission class
8
9 // CommissionEmployee constructor
10 CommissionEmployee::CommissionEmployee( const string &first,
11 const string &last, const string &socialSecurityNumber,
12 double grossWeeklySales, double percent )
13 : Employee( first, last, socialSecurityNumber )
14 {
15 setGrossSales( grossWeeklySales );
16 setCommissionRate( percent );
17
18 } // end CommissionEmployee constructor
19
20 // return commission employee's rate
21 double CommissionEmployee::getCommissionRate() const
22 {
23 return commissionRate;
24
25 } // end function getCommissionRate

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 83
26
27 // return commission employee's gross sales amount
Outline
28 double CommissionEmployee::getGrossSales() const
29 {
commission.cpp
30 return grossSales;
(2 of 3)
31
32 } // end function getGrossSales
33
34 // set commission employee's weekly base salary
35 void CommissionEmployee::setGrossSales( double sales )
36 {
37 grossSales = sales < 0.0 ? 0.0 : sales;
38
39 } // end function setGrossSales
40
41 // set commission employee's commission
42 void CommissionEmployee::setCommissionRate( double rate )
43 {
44 commissionRate = ( rate > 0.0 && rate < 1.0 ) ? rate : 0.0;
45
46 } // end function setCommissionRate
47

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 84
48 // calculate commission employee's earnings
49 double CommissionEmployee::earnings() const
Outline
50 {
51 return getCommissionRate() * getGrossSales();
commission.cpp
52
(3 of 3)
53 } // end function earnings
54
55 // print commission employee's name
56 void CommissionEmployee::print() const
57 {
58 cout << "\ncommission employee: ";
59 Employee::print(); // code reuse
60
61 } // end function print

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 85
1 // Fig. 10.31: baseplus.h
2 Inherits from
// BasePlusCommissionEmployee class derived from Employee.
Outline
3 #ifndef BASEPLUS_H CommissionEmployee
4 #define BASEPLUS_H (and from Employee
baseplus.h (1 of 1)
5 indirectly).
6 #include "commission.h" // Employee class definition
7
8 class BasePlusCommissionEmployee : public CommissionEmployee {
9
10 public:
11 BasePlusCommissionEmployee( const string &, const string &,
12 const string &, double = 0.0, double = 0.0, double = 0.0 );
13
14 void setBaseSalary( double );
15 double getBaseSalary() const;
16
17 virtual double earnings() const;
18 virtual void print() const;
19
20 private:
21 double baseSalary; // base salary per week
22
23 }; // end class BasePlusCommissionEmployee
24
25 #endif // BASEPLUS_H

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 86
1 // Fig. 10.32: baseplus.cpp
2 // BasePlusCommissionEmployee member-function definitions.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
baseplus.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 2)
6
7 #include "baseplus.h"
8
9 // constructor for class BasePlusCommissionEmployee
10 BasePlusCommissionEmployee::BasePlusCommissionEmployee(
11 const string &first, const string &last,
12 const string &socialSecurityNumber,
13 double grossSalesAmount, double rate,
14 double baseSalaryAmount )
15 : CommissionEmployee( first, last, socialSecurityNumber,
16 grossSalesAmount, rate )
17 {
18 setBaseSalary( baseSalaryAmount );
19
20 } // end BasePlusCommissionEmployee constructor
21
22 // set base-salaried commission employee's wage
23 void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::setBaseSalary( double salary )
24 {
25 baseSalary = salary < 0.0 ? 0.0 : salary;
26
27 } // end function setBaseSalary

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 87
28
29 // return base-salaried commission employee's base salary
Outline
30 double BasePlusCommissionEmployee::getBaseSalary() const
31 {
baseplus.cpp
32 return baseSalary;
(2 of 2)
33
34 } // end function getBaseSalary
35
36 // return base-salaried commission employee's earnings
37 double BasePlusCommissionEmployee::earnings() const
38 {
39 return getBaseSalary() + CommissionEmployee::earnings();
40
41 } // end function earnings
42
43 // print base-salaried commission employee's name
44 void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::print() const
45 {
46 cout << "\nbase-salaried commission employee: ";
47 Employee::print(); // code reuse
48
49 } // end function print

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 88
1 // Fig. 10.33: fig10_33.cpp
2 // Driver for Employee hierarchy.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig10_33.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 4)
6 using std::endl;
7 using std::fixed;
8
9 #include <iomanip>
10
11 using std::setprecision;
12
13 #include <vector>
14
15 using std::vector;
16
17 #include <typeinfo>
18
19 #include "employee.h" // Employee base class
20 #include "salaried.h" // SalariedEmployee class
21 #include "commission.h" // CommissionEmployee class
22 #include "baseplus.h" // BasePlusCommissionEmployee class
23 #include "hourly.h" // HourlyEmployee class
24

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 89
25 int main()
26 {
Outline
27 // set floating-point output formatting
28 cout << fixed << setprecision( 2 );
fig10_33.cpp
29
(2 of 4)
30 // create vector employees
31 vector < Employee * > employees( 4 );
32
33 // initialize vector with Employees
34 employees[ 0 ] = new SalariedEmployee( "John", "Smith",
35 "111-11-1111", 800.00 );
36 employees[ 1 ] = new CommissionEmployee( "Sue", "Jones",
37 "222-22-2222", 10000, .06 );
38 employees[ 2 ] = new BasePlusCommissionEmployee( "Bob",
39 "Lewis", "333-33-3333", 300, 5000, .04 );
40 employees[ 3 ] = new HourlyEmployee( "Karen", "Price",
41 "444-44-4444", 16.75, 40 );
42

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 90
43 // generically process each element in vector employees
44
Use downcasting to
for ( int i = 0; i < employees.size(); i++ ) {
cast the employee objectOutline
into a
45 BasePlusCommissionEmployee. If it points to
46 // output employee information the correct type of object, the pointer is non-zero. This
fig10_33.cpp
47 employees[ i ]->print(); way, we can give a raise to only
(3 of 4)
48 BasePlusCommissionEmployees.
49 // downcast pointer
50 BasePlusCommissionEmployee *commissionPtr =
51 dynamic_cast < BasePlusCommissionEmployee * >
52 ( employees[ i ] );
53
54 // determine whether element points to base-salaried
55 // commission employee
56 if ( commissionPtr != 0 ) {
57 cout << "old base salary: $"
58 << commissionPtr->getBaseSalary() << endl;
59 commissionPtr->setBaseSalary(
60 1.10 * commissionPtr->getBaseSalary() );
61 cout << "new base salary with 10% increase is: $"
62 << commissionPtr->getBaseSalary() << endl;
63
64 } // end if
65
66 cout << "earned $" << employees[ i ]->earnings() << endl;
67
68 } // end for
69

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 91
70 // release memory held by vector employees
71 for ( int j = 0; j < employees.size(); j++ ) {
Outline
72
73 // output class name
fig10_33.cpp
74 cout << "\ndeleting object of "
(4 of 4)
75 << typeid( *employees[ j ] ).name();
76
77 delete employees[ j ];
78
79 } // end for
typeid returns a
80
81 cout << endl;
type_info object. This
82 object contains information
83 return 0; about the operand, including
84 its name.
85 } // end main

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 92
salaried employee: John Smith
social security number: 111-11-1111
Outline
earned $800.00

fig10_33.cpp
commission employee: Sue Jones
output (1 of 1)
social security number: 222-22-2222
earned $600.00

base-salaried commission employee: Bob Lewis

social security number: 333-33-3333
old base salary: $300.00
new base salary with 10% increase is: $330.00
earned $530.00

hourly employee: Karen Price

social security number: 444-44-4444
earned $670.00

deleting object of class SalariedEmployee

deleting object of class CommissionEmployee
deleting object of class BasePlusCommissionEmployee
deleting object of class HourlyEmployee

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.