Topic 3:

Conditional Statements

1
 Objectives

• In this chapter, you will learn about:

– Selection criteria
– The if-else statement
– Nested if statements
– The switch statement
– Program testing
– Common programming errors

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 Selection Criteria

• if-else statement: Implements a decision

structure for two alternatives
Syntax:
if (condition)
statement executed if condition is true;
else
statement executed if condition is false;

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 Selection Criteria (continued)

• The condition is evaluated to its numerical value:

– A non-zero value is considered to be true
– A zero value is considered to be false
• The else portion is optional
– Executed only if the condition is false
• The condition may be any valid C++ expression

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 Relational Operators

• Relational expression: Compares two operands or

expressions using relational operators

Table 4.1 C++’s Relational Operators

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 Relational Operators (continued)

• Relational expressions are evaluated to a numerical

value of 1 or 0 only:
– If the value is 1, the expression is true
– If the value is 0, the expression is false
• char values are automatically coerced to int values
for comparison purposes
• Strings are compared on a character by character basis
– The string with the first lower character is considered
smaller

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 Relational Operators (continued)

• Examples of string comparisons

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 Logical Operators

• AND (&&): Condition is true only if both expressions

are true
• OR (||): Condition is true if either one or both of
the expressions is true
• NOT (!): Changes an expression to its opposite
state; true becomes false, false becomes true

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 Logical Operators (continued)

Table 4.2 Operator Precedence and Associativity

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 A Numerical Accuracy Problem

• Comparing single and double precision values for

equality (==) can lead to errors because values are
stored in binary
• Instead, test that the absolute value of the difference
is within an acceptable range
– Example:
abs(operandOne – operandTwo) < 0.000001

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 The if-else Statement

• if-else performs instructions based on the

result of a comparison
• Place statements on separate lines for readability
• Syntax:

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 The if-else
Statement (cont’d)

Figure 4.2
The if-else flowchart

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 The if-else Statement
(continued)

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 Compound Statements

• Compound statement: A sequence of single statements

contained between braces
– Creates a block of statements
– A block of statements can be used anywhere that a single statement
is legal
– Any variable declared within a block is usable only within that block
• Scope: The area within a program where a variable can be
used
– A variable’s scope is based on where the variable is declared

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 Block Scope (continued)

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 One-Way Selection
• One-way selection: An if
statement without the
optional else portion

Figure 4.3 A one-way selection if

statement

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 Problems Associated with the
if-else Statement
• Common problems with if-else statements:
– Misunderstanding what an expression is
– Using the assignment operator (=) instead of the
relational operator (==)

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 Nested if Statements

• if-else statement can contain any valid C++

statement, including another if-else
• Nested if statement: an if-else statement
completely contained within another if-else
• Use braces to block code, especially when inner if
statement does not have its own else

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Nested if Statements (continued)

Figure 4.4a
Nested within the
if part

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 The if-else Chain
• if-else chain: A nested if statement occurring in the
else clause of the outer if-else
• If any condition is true, the corresponding statement is
executed and the chain terminates
• Final else is only executed if no conditions were true
– Serves as a catch-all case
• if-else chain provides one selection from many possible
alternatives

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 The if-else Chain (continued)

Figure 4.4b
Nested within the
else part

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 The if-else Chain (continued)
• General form of an if-else chain

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 The switch Statement

• switch statement: Provides for one selection from many

alternatives
• switch keyword starts the statement
– Is followed by the expression to be evaluated
• case keyword identifies a value to be compared to the
switch expression
– When a match is found, statements in this case block are executed
• All further cases after a match is found are executed unless a
break statement is found

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 The switch Statement
(continued)
• default case is executed if no other case value
matches were found
• default case is optional

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 A Case Study: Solving Quadratic
Equations
• Data validation: Use defensive programming techniques to
validate user input
– Includes code to check for improper data before an attempt is made to
process it further
• Solving quadratic equations: Use the software development
procedure to solve for the roots of a quadratic equation

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 A Closer Look: Program Testing

• Theory: A comprehensive set of test runs would test

all combinations of input and computations, and
would reveal all errors
• Reality: There are too many combinations to test for
any program except a very simple one
• Example:
– One program with 10 modules, each with five if statements,
always called in the same order
– There are 25 paths through each module, and more than 250
paths through the program!

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 A Closer Look: Program Testing
(continued)
• Conclusion: there is no error-free program, only
one in which no errors have recently been
encountered

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 Common Programming Errors

• Using the assignment operator (=) instead of the

relational operator (==) for an equality test
• Placing a semicolon immediately after the
condition
• Assuming a structural problem with an if-else
causes the error instead of focusing on the data
value being tested
• Using nested if statements without braces to
define the structure

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 Summary

• Relational expressions, or conditions, are used to

compare operands
• If the relation expression is true, its value is 1; if
false, its value is 0
• Use logical operators && (AND), || (OR), and !
(NOT) to construct complex conditions
• if-else allows selection between two
alternatives

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 Summary (continued)

• An if expression that evaluates to 0 is false; if

non-zero, it is true
• if statements can be nested
• Chained if statement provides a multiway
selection
• Compound statement: contains any number of
individual statements enclosed in braces

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 Summary (continued)

• switch statement: Provides a multiway selection

• switch expression: Evaluated and compared to
each case value
– If a match is found, execution begins at that case’s
statements and continues unless a break is encountered

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