MATLAB BASIC

OPERATION

Lecture by : Daw Wint Yu Yu Zaw

20.12.2018

1
 What is Matlab?
 The name of Matlab stands for Matrix
Laboratory.

MATrix LABoratory = MATLAB

2
 Introduction
MATLAB

Numerical computation Visualization

Matrix algebra Block diagram

Complex arithmetic
Linear system Simulation
Differential equation
Non linear system
Other types of scientific computations

3
 MATLAB Basic Operations
When MATLAB is invoked, The command window
will display the prompt >> MATLAB is ready for
entering data or executing commands.

To quit MATLAB, type the command exit or quit.

You can exit the program by choosing EXIT

MATLAB from the File menu or by selecting the
close icon ( x ) at the upper right-hand corner of the
screen.
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Default MATLAB Screen

5
Default MATLAB Screen

6
 MATLAB statements
MATLAB statements are normally of the form:

variable = expression
Example
A matrix

may be entered as follows:

A = [1 2 3; 2 3 4; 3 4 5]
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 Command Line Editing
If you make a mistake when entering a matlab
command, you do not have to type the whole line
again. The arrow keys can be used to save much
typing:
↑ ctrl-p Recall previous line
↓ ctrl-n Recall next line
← ctrl-b Move back one character
→ ctrl-f Move forward one character

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Operators

9
Examples

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 Examples
>> 4 + 3
ans =
7

>> 3 - 3
ans =
0

>> 4 * 22 + 6 * 48 + 2 * 82
ans=
540

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Examples

12
Practice Exercise

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Some Basic MATLAB Commands
Command Description

% Comments. Everything appear in

after % command is not executed.
clear Clears the variables or functions
from workspace.
clc Clears the command window
during a work session.

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 Matrix Operations
Typing Matrices
to type a matrix into matlab you must begin
with a square bracket [
separate elements in a row with commas or
spaces
use a semicolon ; to separate rows and
execute but not shown
end the matrix with another square bracket ].

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Example:

A = [1 2 3; 2 3 4; 3 4 5]

OR

A=[1 2 3
234
3 4 5]

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The basic matrix operations are addition(+),
subtraction(-), multiplication (*), and conjugate
transpose(‘) of matrices.
MATLAB has two forms of matrix division: the left
inverse operator \ or the right inverse operator /.
Note that if a variable name and the “=” sign are
omitted, a variable name ans is automatically created.
Matrix division can either be the left division operator
\ or the right division operator /. The right division a/b,
for instance, is algebraically equivalent to while the
left division a\b is algebraically equivalent to
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MATLAB as
>> E = [7 2 3; 4 3 6; 8 1 5];
>> F = [1 4 2; 6 7 5; 1 9 1];
and
>> G = E - F
>> H = E + F
then, matrices G and H will appear on the screen as
G=
6 -2 1
-2 -4 1
7 -8 4
H=
8 6 5
10 10 11
9 10 6
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 >> Q = E*F
results as
Q=
22 69 27
28 91 29
19 84 26

>> 2*Q
gives
ans =
44 138 54
56 182 58
38 168 52

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If Z * I = V and Z is non-singular, the left division,
Z\V is equivalent to MATLAB expression

I = inv (Z) * V

where inv is the MATLAB function for obtaining

the inverse of a matrix. The right division denoted by
V/Z is equivalent to the MATLAB expression

I = V * inv (Z)

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Transpose
B = [6 9 12 15 18];
C = B’

The above results in

C=
6
9
12
15
18

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 Array Operations
An array of elements (numbers or characters) in rows
and columns is called matrix.
Array operations refer to element-by-element
arithmetic operations.
The linear algebraic matrix operations, * / \ ‘ , by a
period (.) indicates an array or element-by-element
operation.
Thus, the operators .* , .\ , ./, .^ , represent element-by-
element multiplication, left division, right division, and
raising to the power, respectively.

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Example:
A1 = [2 7 6
8 9 10];
B1 = [6 4 3
2 3 4];
then
C1 = A1.*B1
results in
C1 =
12 28 18
16 27 40
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The statement
D1 = A1./B1
gives the result
D1 =
0.3333 1.7500 2.0000
4.0000 3.0000 2.5000
and the statement
E1 = A1.\B1
gives
E1 =
3.0000 0.5714 0.5000
0.2500 0.3333 0.4000

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If r1 and s1 are matrices of the same dimensions, then
the result q is also a matrix of the same dimensions.
For example, if
r1 = [ 7 3 5];
s1 = [ 2 4 3];
then
q1 = r1.^ s1
gives the result
q1 =
49 81 125

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Element-by-element operations

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 Complex Numbers
MATLAB allows operations involving complex
numbers. Complex numbers are entered using
function i or j.
MATLAB as
z = 2+2*I , z = 2 + I * 2
or
z = 2+2*j , z = 2 + j * 2
 real(z)
 imag (z)
 abs(z)
 angle(z) * 180/pi % degree
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Also, a complex number za
za = 2 √2 exp[(π / 4) j]

can be entered in MATLAB as

>> za = 2*sqrt(2)*exp((pi/4)*j)

Practice…….

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If w is a complex matrix given as

then we can represent it in MATLAB as

w = [1+j*1 2-2*j; 3+2*j 4+3*j]
which will produce the result
w=
1.0000 + 1.0000i 2.0000 - 2.0000i
3.0000 + 2.0000i 4.0000 + 3.0000i

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 The Colon Symbol (:)
Step
Used in matrix
All
Any or with step
The statement
>> t1 = 1:6
will generate a row vector containing the numbers
from 1 to 6 with unit increment.
MATLAB produces the result
t1 =
1 2 3 4 5 6
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Non-unity, positive or negative increments, may be specified.
For example, the statement
>> t2 = 3:-0.5:1
will result in
t2 =
3.0000 2.5000 2.0000 1.5000 1.0000
The statement
>> t3 = [(0:2:10);(5:-0.2:4)]
will result in a 2-by-4 matrix
t3 =
0 2.0000 4.0000 6.0000 8.0000 10.0000
5.0000 4.8000 4.6000 4.4000 4.2000 4.0000

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>> a = [1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9] >> a(2,:)
ans =
4 5 6
a= >> a(:,3)
1 2 3 ans =
3
4 5 6
6
7 8 9 9
>> a(3,2)
ans =
8
>> a(2:3,3)
ans =
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 Practice Exercise
M=[1 3 5 7 11; 13 17 19 23 29; 31 37 41 47 53]
Gives
M=
1 3 5 7 11
13 17 19 23 29
31 37 41 47 53

To find the size of the matrix (i.e., the number of rows and columns),
enter:
>> size(M)
gives
ans =
35
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To view a particular element, for example, the (2, 4)
element, enter:
>> M(2,4)
gives
ans =
23
To view a particular row such as the 3rd row, enter:
>> M(3,:)
gives
ans =
31 37 41 47 53
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To view a particular column such as the 4th column,
enter:
>> M(:,4)
gives
ans =
7
23
47

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If we wanted to construct a submatrix of the original
matrix, for example, one that includes the block from
the 2ndto 3rd row (included) and from the 2nd column
to the 4th column (included), enter:
>> M(2:3,2:4)
gives
ans =
17 19 23
37 41 47

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Output Format

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38
 Output Commands
disp displays a string or a matrix in the
command window
fprintf creates formatted output which can
be sent to the command window or to a file
Character String
A sequence of characters in single quotes is called a
character string or text variable.

Examples
 disp (‘The output is’) OR disp([g, dx, x])
 fprintf (‘Area = %7.3f square meters\n’,pi*4.5^2)
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 EXERCISE

The voltage, v, across a resistance is given as

(Ohm’s Law), v = Ri , where i is the current and R the
resistance. The power dissipated in resistor R is given
by the expression
If R = 10 Ohms and the current is increased from 0
to 10 A with increments of 2A, write a MATLAB
program to generate a table of current, voltage and
power dissipation.

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 Solution:
 % Voltage and power calculation
>> R=10; % Resistance value
>> i=(0:2:10); % Generate current values
>> v=i.*R; % array multiplication to obtain
voltage
>> p=(i.^2)*R; % power calculation
>> sol=[i v p] % current, voltage and power
values are printed

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MATLAB produces the following result:
sol =
Columns 1 through 6
0 2 4 6 8 10

Columns 7 through 12
0 20 40 60 80 100

Columns 13 through 18
0 40 160 360 640 1000

Columns 1 through 6 constitute the current values, columns 7

through 12 are the voltages, and columns 13 through 18 are the power
dissipation values.

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 M-Files
Script Files
Function Files

Script files - Script files are especially useful for

analysis and design problems that require long
sequences of MATLAB commands. The file can be
invoked by entering the name of the m-file.

Function Files - Function files are m-files that are used

to create new MATLAB functions.
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Example (1)
Simplify the complex number z and express it both in rectangular
and polar form.

+
MATLAB Script
1. Z1 = 3+4*j; Z2 = 5+2*j; Z3 = 2*exp(j*theta); Z4 = 3+6*j;Z5 =
1+2*j;
2. theta = (60/180)*pi; % angle in radians
3. disp('Z in rectangular form is'); % displays text inside brackets
4. Z_rect = Z1*Z2*Z3/(Z4+Z5);
5. Z_rect
6. Z_mag = abs (Z_rect); % magnitude of Z
7. Z_angle = angle(Z_rect)*(180/pi); % Angle in degrees
8. disp('complex number Z in polar form, mag, phase is'); % displays
text
9. Z_polar = [Z_mag, Z_angle] % inside brackets
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The program is named ex1.m. Execute it by typing
ex1 in the MATLAB command window.
Observe the result, which should be
>> Z in rectangular form is
>> Z_rect =
1.9108 + 5.7095i
>> Complex number Z in polar form mag, phase is
>> Z_polar =
6.0208 71.4966

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Example (2)
Write a MATLAB script or function to obtain the roots
of the quadratic equation
ax^2 + bx + c = 0
MATLAB Script
1. a = 2; b = 2; c = 3;
2. d = b^2 – 4*a*c;
3. x1 = (-b + sqrt(d))/(2*a);
4. x2 = (-b – sqrt(d))/(2*a);
5. X = [x1;x2] or [x1 x2]

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Save file name.m
Command Window
>> file name
>> -0.5+1.1180i
-0.5-1.1180i

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Function
1. function X = quard (a,b,c);
2. d = b^2 – 4*a*c;
3. x1 = (-b + sqrt(d))/(2*a);
4. x2 = (-b – sqrt(d))/(2*a);
5. end

Save quard.m
Note: function name = file name
Command Window
X = quard ( 2,2,3)

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 Plotting Commands
GRAPH FUNCTIONS
MATLAB has built-in functions that allow one to generate ba x-
y plots, 3-D plots, and bar charts. MATLAB also allows one to give
titles to graphs, label the x- and y-axes, and add a grid to graphs.

X-Y PLOTS AND ANNOTATIONS

The plot command generates a linear x-y plot. There are three
variations of the plot command.
(a) plot(x)
(b) plot(x, y)
(c) plot(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, ..., xn, yn)

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 Plotting Functions
FUNCTION DESRIPTION
axis freezes the axis limits
bar plots bar chart
grid adds grid to a plot
hold holds plot (for overlaying other plots)
mesh performs 3-D mesh plot
plot performs linear x-y plot
text positions text at a specified location on graph
title used to put title on graph
xlabel labels x-axis
ylabel labels y-axis
legend adds a legend to a graph
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If x is a vector, the command
plot(x)
For example, if
>>x = [ 0 3.7 6.1 6.4 5.8 3.9 ];
>>plot(x)
then, plot(x) results in the graph shown in Figure.

Figure: Graph of a Roll Vector x

51
 If x and y are vectors of the same length, then the
command
plot(x, y)

For example, the MATLAB commands

>>t = 0:0.5:4;
>>y = 6*exp (-2*t);
>>plot( t, y)
>>title('Response of an RC circuit')
>>xlabel('time in seconds')
>>ylabel('voltage in volts')
>>grid
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The plot is shown in Figure.

Figure: Graph of Voltage versus Time of a Response of an RLC Circuit

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 For systems that support color, the color of the graph may be specified
using the statement:
plot(x, y, ’colour’)

 Line and mark style may be added to color type using the command

plot(x, y, ’colour,style,marker’)

 Symbols for Color Used in Plotting

COLOR SYMBOL
red r
green g
blue b
white w
invisible i
black k
cyan c
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 Print Types
LINE-TYPES INDICATORS POINTTYPES INDICATORS
solid - point .
dash -- plus +
dotted : star *
dash dot -. circle o
x-mark x

55
 Example
For an R-L circuit, the voltage v(t) and current i(t) are
given as

Sketch v(t) and i(t) for t = 0 to 20 milliseconds.

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MATLAB Script Solution
% RL circuit
% current i(t) and voltage v(t) are generated; t is time
t = 0:1e-3:20e-3; v = 10*cos(377*t);
a_rad = (60*pi/180); % angle in radians
i = 5*cos(377*t + a_rad);
plot(t, v, ‘*’, t, i, 'o')
title('Voltage and Current of an RL circuit')
xlabel('Sec')
ylabel('Voltage(V) and Current(mA)')
text(0.003, 1.5, 'v(t)');
text(0.009,2, 'i(t)')
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Figure :Plot of Voltage and Current of an RL Circuit under Sinusoidal Steady State
Conditions

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