BASIC FIRST AID

TRAINING
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House Rules:

 Fire alarm/exits
 Toilets
 Smoking
 Drinks
 Breaks
 Lunch
 Questions
 Mutual Respect
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House Rules:

As a courtesy to others
please set your phone to
SILENT MODE.
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Module Guide

• Module 1  Introduction
• Module 2  Primary Survey
• Module 3  Secondary Survey
• Module 4  Recovery Position
• Module 5  Choking
• Module 6  Bleeding and Injuries
• Module 7  Other Injuries
• Module 8  Dealing with Major Illness
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Module 1

INTRODUCTION
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What is First Aid?

 The immediate care given to a person

who has been injured or who has been
ill prior to the arrival of qualified
medical assistance.
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Roles of the First Aider

1. Preserve Life
2. Prevent patient from worsening
3. Promote recovery
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Responsibilities of the First Aider

 Make sure that the first aid kit is fit for purpose
 Ensure safety of the place
 Contact emergency services
 Prioritize treatment of casualties
 Clean up after an incident
 Report incident and record

Remember: If you do not call the

emergency services, they will not come!
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First Aid Kit

 STERILE ADHESIVE BANDAGES in assorted sizes - for simple cuts

or abrasions.
 BUTTERFLY BANDAGES and NARROW ADHESIVE STRIPS - to
hold the edges of a cut together to allow it to heal.
 Individually wrapped, STERILE GAUZE PADS (2" and 4") - to
control bleeding or secretions and prevent contamination.
 ELASTIC BANDAGES (2" and 3"), at least 3 rolls - to lend support
to sprained or sore muscles.
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First Aid Kit

► THERMOMETER
► BANDAGE SCISSOR
► EYE WASH AND EYE PADS
► WIPES
► SAFETY SHEARS
► TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
► ROLL OF COTTON
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First Aid Kit

 FACE MASK - to protect against smoke, dust or allergens

 LATEX GLOVES - for protection when providing emergency help to an
injured individual
 FACE SHIELD
 EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBERS - doctor, pharmacy, poison control,
etc.
 FIRST AID HANDBOOK
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First Aid At Work Provision

Category of Hazard No. of Employees No. of First Aid Kit

Low Hazard – e.g shops, offices, Less than 25 1 small kit

libraries 25-100 1 medium kit
More than 100 1 large kit per 100
employee
High Hazard – e.g light Less than 5 1 small kit
engineering and assembly work,
food processing, warehousing,
extensive work with dangerous
5 – 25 1 medium kit
machinery or sharp instruments,
construction and chemical
manufacturer.
More than 25 1 large kit per 25 employee
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Contacting Emergency Services

• First aiders will either contact the emergency services themselves or
instruct a bystander to do so
• When contacting the Emergency Services, it is important that the
information given is clear, concise and sufficient
• REMEMBER: LINE

Correct Emergency No.:

 L Location
 I Incident
999
 N Number of casualties
 E Extent of injury
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Prioritization

After conducting a primary survey and contacting the emergency

services, casualties should be placed in an order of priority and treated
accordingly. This order is as follows:

Breathing

In certain circumstances these

priorities can be changed Bleeding

Bones/Burns

Other Conditions
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Minimizing Infection

 having good personal hygiene

 ensuring that barrier devices are used
 covering any open cuts or sores
 minimising contact with blood or bodily fluids
 changing gloves between casualties
 washing hands thoroughly after removing gloves.
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Module 2

PRIMARY SURVEY
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Assessing an Incident

C Control the situation

L Look for potential hazards

A Assess the situation

P Protect and Prioritize

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Primary Survey

The primary survey is a systematic process of:

• approaching
• identifying
• dealing with immediate and/ or life-
threatening conditions
DANGER
RESPONSE
SHOUT
AIRWAY
BREATHING
CIRCULATION/CPR
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ANGER

 Prior to approaching the casualty,

ensure the scene is safe to do so.
 Live electrical cables
 Fire
 Smoke
 Dangerous people/animals
 Etc… etc

Remember your own safety is your

priority
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ESPONSE

A = Alert
V = Voice Are you alright?

P = Place
U = Unresponsive
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HOUT

H E L P !!!!
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IRWAY

Head tilt chin lift

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REATHING

If the casualty is not

 LOOK breathing call:
 LISTEN
 FEEL 999
For 10 SECONDS
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IRCULATION / CPR

CHECK FOR CIRCULATION – Check for PULSE!!

Casualty not breathing and no pulse
• Commence CPR (30 compressions 2 breaths)
• 3 to 4 cycles in 1 minute
Casualty breathing – carry out secondary survey

Cardio – heart
Pulmonary – lungs
Resuscitation – revive (attempt to bring back to life)
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Circulation
Start chest compressions
- If circulation is not functioning
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Circulation
 Follow rib margin up to base of sternum
 Place hand two fingers up from this point
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Position of the Heart

HO HOW C.P.R WORKS

C.P.R WORKS
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Breathing

NOSE PINCHED CLOSED KEEP HEAD TILTED BACK

CPR ON ADULTS
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When to STOP??

 When help arrives

 Whentold to stop by a health professional

Example. Doctor, Paramedic

 When you cannot continue; you are

tired/exhausted
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PRACTICAL

Remember….
D=?
R=?
S=?
A =?
B=?
C=?
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Module 3

SECONDARY SURVEY
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Detailed top to toe examination:

 Look for..
Bleeding
Bruising(Mark)
Deformity
Wounds
Pain
Burns
Swelling
Bites/stings
Impaled objects
Obvious fractures
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Method of Secondary Survey

HEAD AND FACE - Look for bleeding, head trauma,

fractures or swelling

NECK - Loosen ties or collars or

accessories, feel for any deformity in
the cervical spine

CHEST AND - Feel for any deformity and

bleeding, rise and fall of
SHOULDER chest

- Check for deformity and

ARMS AND HANDS bleeding, fractures,
accessories.
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Method of Secondary Survey

- Feel for tenderness and deformity as
SPINE
well as bleeding

ABDOMEN - Check the hips and pelvis for

deformity, unnatural position

PELVI - Check for bleeding, tenderness,

swelling and position
S

- Check for bleeding, deformity,

LEGS AND FEET fractures, check for pockets, things
that may cause discomfort, check
the ankle if there is blood clot
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Module 4

RECOVERY POSITION
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RECOVERY POSITION

Placing the casualty in the recovery position helps to:

maintain a clear airway
assist with natural breathing
clear the airway of excretions such as vomit if the casualty is

breathing, but unresponsive

If you suspect a spinal injury (unless breathing is

compromised) the casualty should be left in the position
found.
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RECOVERY POSITION
Kneel to the side of the casualty; remove glasses,
watches and any large objects from side pockets
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RECOVERY POSITION

Place the arm nearest to you at a

right angle to the casualty and
allow it to rest in a natural
position
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RECOVERY POSITION

Bring the other arm across the

casualty’s chest and secure the back
of their hand onto their nearest
cheek
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RECOVERY POSITION
Bring the arm furthest away from you across the chest and
hold the back of the hand against the nearest cheek.
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RECOVERY POSITION

With your free hand grasp the casualty’s

clothing around the knee and draw the
leg up ensuring the foot remains on the
ground.
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RECOVERY POSITION

Keeping the casualty’s hand on

their cheek to control the head
movement, pull their leg towards
you so the casualty turns onto their
side.
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RECOVERY POSITION

Adjust the casualty’s upper leg so that

the knee and lower leg are at right
angles to the hip, making a stable base.
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RECOVERY POSITION

Check that the airway is open and adjust

the hand under the cheek to maintain the
airway.

RECOVERY POSITION
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Module 5

CHOKING
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Signs and Symptoms

• Grasping the throat area

• Difficulty in breathing
• Redness of the face
• Eyes are enlarged and watery
• Showing distress
• If complete obstruction, skin may be bluish or grey
• If casualty becomes unconscious, get ready to
commence CPR
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Treatment

Ask casualty to cough

Back blows (x 5)
Abdominal thrusts (x5)
If not dislodged,
repeat 2 x
Call emergency
services
Be ready to commence
CPR
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Pregnant

 In cases of pregnancy DO
NOT PRESS ON STOMACH

 PRESS ON CHEST

CHOKING FOR ADULTS

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Module 6

BLEEDING AND INJURIES

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Bleeding
• Sit the casualty down on a stable base
• Examine the wound
• Do not attempt to remove any embedded foreign objects
• Apply direct pressure onto the wound
• Apply a sterile dressing and elevate the injured part.

• If blood seeps through the

first dressing apply a second
• If blood seeps through both
remove both and start again

BANDAGING
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Cuts

- Doesn’t need medical attention unless it was set

on a dirty or rusty object.

Signs and Symptoms:

•Obvious injury
•Minimal bleeding

Treatment:
•Stop the bleeding by applying pressure
•Wash the wound with water and soap
•Clean the wound with gauze or sterile swab with anti septic
solution.
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Punctured Wound

 Golden rule – NEVER

REMOVE!
 Stabilize with bandage
 Transport to hospital
Or call emergency services
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Stabilized Bandage
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Eye Injury
- Common injury to the eye is small object such as eyelash
or piece of grit, corrosive chemical or sharp objects.

Foreign body in the eye:

•Do not remove anything if it is in the pupil
or iris.
•Try to wash out the object, tilt on the
injured side.
•If water is not available, use the tip of
gauze or clean cloth.
•If still unsuccessful, see a doctor.
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Eye Injury

HAZARD: DUST

SAFETY MEASURES:
Proper PPE
Do not rub your eyes
Immediately wash with clean water

Dust to the Eyes:

•Force the eye to open and start flushing water from the
innermost part, one eye at a time.
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Eye Injury

Chemical Burn to the Eye:

•Force the eye to open and flood
the eye with water immediately.

Object Punctured in the Eye:

•DO NOT REMOVE!!
•Protect the eye do not touch or apply
pressure.
•Cover it with a paper or plastic cup.
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Ear Injury
- Caused by injuries to the head, loud noise, explosion or foreign body.
- Bleeding from the ear or straw-colored fluid is a sign of fractured skull.

HAZARD: NOISE & Vibration

SAFETY MEASURES:
Proper PPE
Wear earplugs
Monitor Auditory functions

Too much exposure to sounds & vibrations might deafen workers.

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Ear Injury

Signs and Symptoms:

•Severe earache
•Dizziness and loss of balance
•Headache
•Possible unconsciousness
•Discharge of fluid or blood.

Treatment:
•Do not hit the injured ear.
•Sit up and head tilted on the injured site
•Cover the injured ear with gauze or cotton
•DO NOT Plug the ear
•Be prepared to commence CPR
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Nose Injury

Nose Bleeding:
•May be result by, blowing too hard, sneezing, picking,
air pressure changes.
•If blood is mixed with straw-colored fluid trickles from
nose of an unconscious person, suspect a fracture of the
skull.

Treatment:
•Sit the casualty down, leaning forward
•Ask the casualty to breathe through the mouth and to pinch the soft part of
the nose
•Maintain the pressure for 10 minutes and then release slowly
•If still bleeding repeat the process
•If after 30 minutes the nose is still bleeding seek medical assistance.
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Spinal Injury
- Spinal injuries are serious as they may result in paralysis or even death
should the spinal cord become damaged.

Signs and Symptoms:

Cause: •Unusual position of the head or body
•Car accident •Pain at the site of the injury
•Diving accident •Lack of mobility in the limbs
•Slips, trips and falls •Weakness and tingling sensations
•Impact accident. •Loss of bowel and bladder control
•Signs of shock.

Management:
•Contact the emergency services
•Do not move the casualty
•Ask the casualty to remain as still as possible
•Avoid asking questions that require a nod or head shake
•Keep the casualty warm
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Sprains and Strain

- Sprain – injury to joints
- Strain – injury to the muscles

Signs and Symptoms:

•Pain
•Swelling
•Bruises
•Decrease range of motion

Management:
•R – Rest
• I – Ice Application
•C – Compression
•E – Elevation
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Module 7

Other Injuries
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Burn

 RADIATION BURN
 Ex: sun burn,

ultraviolet lamps, over

Exposure to X-rays

 ELECTRICAL SHOCK
 Ex: lightning, high

Voltage, cables,
Appliances, etc
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Burn

 DRY HEAT
 Ex: Hot surfaces,

Fire, friction

 CHEMICAL BURN
 Ex: Acids, domestic

Cleaning products, cement,

Industrial chemicals
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Treatment for Burn

 Remove the source of the burn if possible

 Put on your disposable gloves
 Remove clothing and then flush the area of the wound with tepid
water for a minimum of 10-20 minutes
 Remove restrictive clothing or jewellery as swelling may occur
 Do not remove anything that is stuck to the burnt skin
 Seek medical attention immediately
 For Electrical burn ensure that the source has been disconnected
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Fracture
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Treatment for Fracture

 Stop bleeding
 (apply dressing, use indirect pressure)
 Assess function
 Immobilise using splint
 Do not realign bones
 Reassess function and pulse
 Call help and transport to hospital
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Applying Support Sling

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High Sling
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Low Sling
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Poisoning
- Foreign substance that enters the body by means of ingestion, inhalation,
absorption or injection.

Signs and Symptoms:

•Pains in the stomach
•Impaired vision
•Increased/decreased heart rate
•Smell of fumes or chemicals
•Burns and rashes
•Nausea and vomiting
•Difficulty in breathing.

Treatment:
•Dial 999
•Remove the cause or remove the casualty from the scene
•Identify the poison, if possible
•Be prepared to carry out CPR
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Poisoning
HAZARD: Poisoning due to inhalation

SAFETY MEASURES:
Proper PPE
Avoid too much exposure to fumes, vapor liquids
and solids

Call for emergency help. Never attempt to rescue a person

without notifying others first.

 Take several deep breaths of fresh air, and then hold your breath as you go in.
Hold a wet cloth over your nose and mouth.
 After rescuing the person from danger, check and monitor the person's airway,
breathing, and pulse. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR

Even if the person seems perfectly fine, get medical help.

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Skin Irritation

Allergic skin reaction

A small yet significant percentage of all workers using cement will
develop an allergy to chromium, with symptoms ranging from a mild rash to
severe skin ulcers.

Treatment:
Skin contaminated with wet or dry cement should be washed with cold
running water as soon as possible.
Open sores or cuts should be thoroughly flushed and covered with suitable
dressings.
Get medical attention if discomfort persists.
Contaminated eyes should be washed with cold tap water for at least 15
minutes before the affected person is taken to hospital.
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Skin Irritation

Personal protection
To protect skin from cement and
cement mixtures, workers should
wear:

alkali-resistant gloves
coveralls with long sleeves and full-
length trousers (pull sleeves down over
gloves and tuck pants inside boots and
duct-tape at the top to keep mortar and
concrete out)
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Skin Irritation

 waterproof boots high enough to prevent

concrete from flowing in

 respiratory protective equipment such as

a P, N or R 95 respirator when cement
dust can’t be avoided

 suitable eye protection where mixing,

pouring, or other activities may
endanger (Don’t wear contact lenses
when handling cement or cement
products).
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Crush Injury
- Casualties who has been trapped for more than few minutes under
heavy weight
- If not treated it can lead to shock, kidney failure and death.

Signs and Symptoms:

Management:
•Redness, swelling, bruising or •Remove the object.
blistering of trapped part. •Treat the injuries, such as
•Continued swelling and wound, bruises.
hardening of the injured tissue.
•Shock
•Nausea, vomiting, thirst.
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Module 8

Dealing with Major Illness

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Heart Attack
 Signs and Symptoms
Tightness or pain in the chest
Casualty is clutching the chest
Spreading pain to arms, neck and back
Dizziness or light headedness
Shortness of breath
Nausea
Cold sweats
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Heart Attack

Treatment:
Call emergency services immediately
Sit casualty with dress drawn up or “W position”
Loosen clothing
Keep casualty comfortable
Monitor airway and breathing
If becomes unresponsive,
be ready to commence CPR
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Stroke
 Interruption in the flow of blood to the brain

 Signs and Symptoms

Facial Weakness

Arm Weakness

Speech Problems

Time to call 999

A
S
T
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Heat Stroke
 Signs and Symptoms
High temperature (above 40 degrees)
Hot dry skin
Nausea and vomiting
Dizziness
Sever headache
Low response level
Rapid pulse and breathing
Muscle cramps
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Heat Stroke
Treatment:
Move casualty to a cool place
Contact emergency services
Give casualty water to drink
Try to cool skin by applying cool towel
Be prepared to commence CPR