Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences::Tirupati

Department of Civil Engineering

Fluid Mechanics

UNIT 1

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Part-1
Prepared by: Achyutha Anil
Assistant Professor
1
 Definition
 Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with
both stationary and moving bodies under the influence of
forces.
 The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest is
called statics, while the branch that deals with bodies in
motion is called dynamics.
 The subcategory fluid mechanics is defined as the science
that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics)
or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the interaction of fluids
with solids or other fluids at the boundaries.
 The study of fluids at rest is called fluid statics.

2
 Definition
 The study of f1uids in motion, where pressure forces are
not considered, is called fluid kinematics and if the
pressure forces are also considered for the fluids in
motion. that branch of science is called fluid dynamics.
 Fluid mechanics itself is also divided into several
categories.
 The study of the motion of fluids that are practically
incompressible (such as liquids, especially water, and
gases at low speeds) is usually referred to as
hydrodynamics.
 A subcategory of hydrodynamics is hydraulics, which
deals with liquid flows in pipes and open channels.

3
 Definition
 Gas dynamics deals with the flow of fluids that undergo
significant density changes, such as the flow of gases
through nozzles at high speeds.
 The category aerodynamics deals with the flow of gases
(especially air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and
automobiles at high or low speeds.
 Some other specialized categories such as meteorology,
oceanography, and hydrology deal with naturally
occurring flows.

4
 What is a Fluid?
 A substance exists in three primary phases: solid, liquid,
and gas. A substance in the liquid or gas phase is
referred to as a fluid.
 Distinction between a solid and a fluid is made on the
basis of the substance’s ability to resist an applied shear
(or tangential) stress that tends to change its shape.
 A solid can resist an applied shear stress by deforming,
whereas a fluid deforms continuously under the
influence of shear stress, no matter how small.
 In solids stress is proportional to strain, but in fluids
stress
is proportional to strain rate.

5
 What is a Fluid?

Differences between liquid and gases

Liquid Gases
Difficult to compress and Easily to compress – changes of
often regarded as volume is large, cannot normally
incompressible be neglected and are related to
temperature
Occupies a fixed volume No fixed volume, it changes
and will take the shape of volume to expand to fill
the container the containing vessels
A free surface is formed Completely fill the vessel so that
if the volume of no free surface is formed.
container is greater than
the liquid.

8
 Properties of Fluids
 Any characteristic of a system is called a property.
 Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature
T,
 volume V, andfamiliar
Other less mass m.properties include viscosity thermal
conductivity, modulus of thermal
, expansion
elasticity, electric resistivity, and even velocity and
coefficient,
elevation.
 Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.
 Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass
of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.
 Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the
size—or extent—of the system. Total mass, total volume V,
and total momentum are some examples of extensive
properties.
7
 Properties of Fluids
 An easy way to determine
whether a property is
intensive or extensive is to
divide the system into two
equal parts with an imaginary
partition.
 Each part will have the same
value of intensive properties
as the original system, but
half the value of the
extensive properties.

8
 Properties of Fluids
Density or Mass Density
 Density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of
the mass of a f1uid to its volume. Thus mass per unit
volume of a fluid is called density. It is denoted the symbol
ρ (rho). The unit of mass density in SI unit is kg per
cubic meter, i.e ., kg/m3.
 The density of liquids may be considered as constant
while that of gases changes with the variation of pressure
and temperature.
 Mathematically mass density is written as.
Mass of fluid

Volume of fluid
 The value of density of water is 1 gm/cm3 or 1000 kg/m3.
9
 Properties of Fluids
Density or Mass Density
 The density of a substance, in general, depends on
temperature and pressure.
 The density of most gases is proportional to pressure and
inversely proportional to temperature.
 Liquids and solids, on the other hand, are essentially
incompressible substances, and the variation of
their density with pressure is usually negligible.

10
 Properties of Fluids
Specific weight or Weight Density
 Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is the
ratio between the weight of a fluid to its volume.
 Thus weight per unit volume of a fluid is called
weight
density and it is denoted by the symbol w.
 Mathematically,

Weight of fluid (Mass of fluid) x Acceleration due to gravity

w 
Volume of fluid Volume of fluid
Mass of fluid x g

Volume of fluid
11 xg
 Properties of Fluids
Specific Volume
 Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a
fluid occupied by a unit mass or volume per unit mass of a
fluid is called specific volume.
 Mathematically, it is expressed as
1
Volume of fluid 1
Specific volume  Mass of  Mass of  
fluid fluid
Volume
 Thus specific volume is the reciprocal of mass density. It is
expressed as m3/kg.
 It is commonly applied to gases.

12
 Properties of Fluids
Specific Gravity.
 Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density (or
density) of a fluid to the weight density (or density) of a
standard fluid.
 For liquids, the standard fluid is taken water and for gases, the
standard fluid is taken air. Specific gravity is also called relative
density. It is dimensionless quantity and is denoted by the symbol S.

Weight density (density) of liquid

S(for liquids) 
Weight density (density) of water
Weightdensity
Weight density(density)
(density)ofofgas
air
S(for gases) 
Thus weight density of a liquid  S x Weight density of
water
 S x 1000x
9.81N/m 3 Thus density of a liquid  S x Density of
32
water
 Properties of Fluids
Specific Gravity.
 If the specific gravity of a
fluid is known, then the
density of the fluid will be
equal to specific gravity
of fluid multiplied by the
density of water.
 For example the specific
gravity of mercury is 13.6,
hence density of mercury
= 13.6 x 1000 = 13600
kg/m3.

14
 Properties of Fluids

Example 1.
Calculate the specific weight, density and specific gravity of
one liter of a liquid which weighs 7 N.

15
 Example 2. Calculate the density, specific weight and weight of
one liter of petrol of specific gravity = 0.7

16
 Properties of Fluids
Viscosity
 Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers
resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over
another adjacent layer of the fluid.
 When two layers of a fluid, a distance 'dy' apart move one over
the other at different velocities say u and u+ du as shown in Fig.
1.1 , the viscosity together with relative velocity causes a
shear stress acting between the fluid layers:

17
 Properties of Fluids
Viscosity
 The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent
lower layer while the lower layer causes a shear stress
on the adjacent top layer.
 This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of
velocity with respect to y. It is denoted by symbol τ called
Tau.
 Mathematically,

 or

   du (1.2)
dy
18
 Properties of Fluids
where μ (called mu) is the constant of proportionality
and is known as the coefficient of dynamic viscosity or
only viscosity.
du
 dy represents the rate of shear strain or rate of shear
deformation or velocity gradient.
From equation (1.2) we have


  du (1.3)

 Thus viscosity isdy

also defined as the shear stress
required to produce unit rate of shear strain.
19
 Properties of Fluids
Unit of Viscosity.
 The unit of viscosity is obtained by putting the
dimension of the quantities in equation ( 1.3)

Newton second Ns
SI unit of viscosity  
m2
m2
20
 Properties of Fluids
Kinematic Viscosity.
 It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and
density of fluid.lt is denoted by the Greek symbol (ν)
called 'nu' . Thus, mathematically,
Viscosity 
 
Density 
 The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/s.
Newton's Law of Viscosity.
 It states that the shear stress (τ) on a fluid element layer is
directly proportional to the rate of shear strain. The
constant of proportionality is called the co-efficient
viscosity.
Mathematically, it is expressed as given by equation (1 . 2).
21
 Properties of Fluids
 Fluids which obey the above relation are known as
Newtonian fluids and the fluids which do not obey the
above relation are called Non-newtonian fluids.
Variation of Viscosity with Temperature
 Temperature affects the viscosity.
 The viscosity of liquids decreases with the increase
of temperature while the viscosity of gases increases
with increase of temperature. This is due to reason
that the viscous forces in a fluid are due to cohesive
forces and molecular momentum transfer.
 In liquids the cohesive forces predominates the molecular
momentum transfer due to closely packed molecules and
with the increase in temperature, the cohesive forces
decreases with the result of decreasing viscosity.
22
 Types of Fluids
1. Ideal Fluid. A fluid, which is incompressible and is
having no viscosity, is known as an ideal fluid.
Ideal fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all the fluids,
which exist, have some viscosity.
2. Real fluid. A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is
known as
real fluid. All the fluids: in actual practice, are real
fluids.
3. Newtonian Fluid. A real fluid, in which the shear
stress is directly, proportional to the rate of shear strain
(or velocity gradient), is known as a Newtonian fluid.
4. Non-Newtonian fluid. A real fluid, in which shear stress
is not proportional to the rate of shear strain (or
velocity gradient), known as a Non-Newtonian fluid.
23
 Types of Fluids

5. Ideal Plastic Fluid.

A fluid, in which shear
stress is more than the
yield value and shear
stress is proportional
to the rate of shear
strain (or velocity
gradient), is known as
ideal plastic fluid.

24
 Example 3
If the velocity distribution over a plate is given
by 2
u  3 y  y2
in which u is velocity in metre per second at a distance y
metre above the plate, determine the shear stress at y = 0
and y= 0.15 m. Take dynamic viscosity of fluid as 8.63
poises.

25
26
 Example 4
Calculate the dynamic viscosity of an oil, which is used for
lubrication between a square plate of size 0.8 m x 0.8 m and an
inclined plane with angle of inclination 30o as shown in Fig. 1.4.
The weight of the square plate is 300 N and it slides down the
inclined plane with a uniform velocity of 0.3 m/s. The thickness
of oil film is 1.5 mm.

Fig.1.4

27
28
 Example 5
The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with
oil. Each side of the plate is 60 cm. The thickness of the oil
film is 12.5 mm. The upper plate, which moves at 2.5 metre per
sec requires a force of 98.1 N to maintain the speed.
Determine : ·
i.the dynamic viscosity of the oil, and
ii.the kinematic viscosity of the oil if the specific gravity of the
oil is 0.95.

Solution. Given:
Each side of a square plate = 60 cm = 0.6 m
Area A= 0.6 x 0.6 = 0.36 m2
Thickness of oil film dy = 12.5 mm = 12.5 x 10-3 m
Velocity of upper plate u = 2.5 m/s
29
30
 Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
 Compressibility is the reciprocal of the bulk modulus of
elasticity, K which is defined as the ratio of
compressive stress to volumetric strain.
 Consider a cylinder fitted with a piston as shown in the
 Fig.
Let V= Volume of a gas enclosed in the cylinder
p =Pressure of gas when volume is V
 Let the pressure is increased to p+ dp, the volume of gas
decreases from V to V – dV.
 Then increase in pressure = dp
 Decrease in volume = dV
 Volumetric strain = - dV/V

31
 End of Chapter 1

Thank you
85