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Air Pollution Control of Mobile Sources

There are three main types of engines discussed: gasoline engines, diesel engines, and jet engines. Gasoline engines emit carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons when operating with inadequate air-to-fuel ratios. Diesel engines emit less carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons due to their high air-to-fuel ratios. Jet engines can contribute significant particulate and nitrogen oxide emissions during take-off and climb, but have relatively small annual emissions compared to vehicles. Effective control of vehicle emissions involves strategies like catalytic converters, fuel modifications to reduce sulfur and lead, and inspection/maintenance programs. Waste minimization, including energy conservation and water conservation, can also help reduce air pollution.

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melannie adante
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60 views20 pages

Air Pollution Control of Mobile Sources

There are three main types of engines discussed: gasoline engines, diesel engines, and jet engines. Gasoline engines emit carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons when operating with inadequate air-to-fuel ratios. Diesel engines emit less carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons due to their high air-to-fuel ratios. Jet engines can contribute significant particulate and nitrogen oxide emissions during take-off and climb, but have relatively small annual emissions compared to vehicles. Effective control of vehicle emissions involves strategies like catalytic converters, fuel modifications to reduce sulfur and lead, and inspection/maintenance programs. Waste minimization, including energy conservation and water conservation, can also help reduce air pollution.

Uploaded by

melannie adante
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

OF MOBILE SOURCES
There are three familiar types of engines:

The gasoline engine


It is a four stroke engine. And it is a typical automobile engine with no
air pollution controls, a mixture of fuel and air is fed into a cylinder
and compressed and ignited by a spark from the spark plug. The
explosive energy of the burning mixture moves the pistons. The
piston’s motion is transmitted to the crankshaft that drives the car. The
burnt, spent mixture passes out of the engine and out through the tail.
One kilogram of gasoline can burn completely when mixed with
about 15 kg of air. Most driving takes place at less than the 15-to-1
air-to-fuel ratio. Combustion is incomplete, and substantial amounts of
material other than carbon dioxide and water are discharge through the
pipe. One result of having an inadequate supply of air is the emission
of carbon monoxide . Other by- products are unburned gasoline and
hydrocarbons
The diesel engine
First, the air supply is unthrottled; that is, its flow into the engine is
unrestricted.
Second, there is no spark ignition system.
A well-designed, well-maintain and properly adjusted diesel engine
will emit less CO and
Hydrocarbons than the four stroke engine because of the diesel’s high
air-to-fuel ratio.
The jet engine
 
A large commercial aircraft that utilize the thrust of
compressed gases for propulsion may contribute significant
amounts of particulates and NO to urban atmospheres.
Their largest emission rate is on take-off and climb-out.
However, on an annual basis, emissions from jet engines
are small relative to those from highway vehicles.
Effective Design and Operating Variables
in Emission
 
Air-to-fuelratio
Load or power fuel
Speed
Spark timing
Exhaust back pressure
Valve overlap
Intake manifold pressure
Combustion chamber deposit
Surface temperature
Surface-to-volume ratio
Combustion chamber design
Stroke-to-bore ratio
Displacement per cylinder
Compression ratio

 
Control of Automobile
Emissions
Blowby. The flow of air past the moving
vehicle is directed through the crankcase
in order to rid it of any gas-air mixture
that has blown past the pistons, any
evaporated lubricating oil, and any
escaped exhaust products. All vehicles
manufactured after 1963 are required to
have a positive crankcase ventilation
(PCV) valve to eliminate blowby
emission.
Fuel Tank Evaporation Losses.
Evaporation of volatile hydrocarbons
from the fuel tank is controlled by one of
two systems.
An alternative system is to vent the
tank to the crankcase. With this method, it
is more difficult to achieve 100% control
than with the activated charcoal system.
Engine Exhaust. Because engine modifications alone are not
sufficient to meet stringent emission standards, an external catalytic
reactor(commonly referred to as the catalytic converter) is placed on
the exhaust system. In addition, the gases entering the catalyst bed
must have a specific composition and the catalyst temperature must
be carefully controlled.
Major problems with the catalysts are their susceptibility to
“poisoning” by lead, phosphorus, and sulphur, and their poor wear
characteristics under thermal cycling. The poisoning problem is solve
by removing the lead, phosphorus, and sulphur from the fuel.
Another approach being implemented is fuel modification. The use of
lead in fuels was completely phase out by January 2006. In addition,
diesel fuel refining is being changed so that it will contain less sulphur
and emit 20 percent less VOC’s .Lowering the gasoline vapor
pressure(called the Reid vapor pressure) reduces hydrocarbon
emissions. Oxyfuel is yet another alternative. Oxyfuel is one with
more oxygen. To allow the fuel to burn more efficiently. Other
alternatives include alcohols, liquefied petroleum gas, and natural gas.
Inspection or Maintenance Programs. The
devices installed by automobile manufacturers are
extremely successful in minimizing the pollution from the
exhaust and from evaporating fuel. However, as with other
aspects in running automobile, these devices wear out and
fail. Since their failure does not inhibit the operation of the
automobile, they are not likely to be repaired by the
owners. In those areas that have been exceeded the NAAQS
(nonattainment areas), inspection or maintenance programs
have been implemented to ensure that the controls devices
are in good working order. These programs require periodic
checks of the exhaust and, in some instances, the
evaporative controls. If a vehicle fails the inspection, the
owner is required to provide maintenance and have the
vehicle reinspected. Failure to pass the inspection may be
cause to deny the issuance of license plates or tags.
WASTE MINIMIZATION
FOR SUSTAINABILITY
The best and first step in any air pollution control
strategy should be minimize the production of
pollutants in the first place. Since a large
proportion of air pollutants results from the
combustion of fossil fuels, in obvious approach to
waste minimization is to conserve energy. Modern
technology has yielded more efficient furnaces that
improve fuel use, but simple measures such as:
Turning of the lights in unoccupied rooms
Turning down the heat at night , and
 In factories, during weekends and holidays, can
have a dramatic impact.
Because there is an interrelationship
between energy consumption and water
supply, water conservation also reduces air
pollution.
In similar manner, building smaller, lighter
automobiles reduces air pollution because
less fuel is burned to propel them.
The chlorofluorocarbon destruction of the
ozone layer can only be resolved by waste
minimization. Preventing the escape of
CFC’s from refrigeration systems, the use
of alternative propellants for spray cans,
and similar measures are the only ones that
will be successful, since the control devices
make no sense.

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