stoichiometry

atomic mass,
avogadro’s
 STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry is
a section of chemistry that
involves using relationships between reactants
and/or products in a chemical reaction to
determine desired quantitative data.
In Greek, stoikhein means element and metron means measure, so stoichiometry literally
translated means the measure of elements.
 In order to use stoichiometry to run
calculations about chemical reactions, it is
important to first
understand the relationships

that exist between

products and reactants
and why they exist, which require
understanding how to
Avogadro’s Number
Amadeo Avogadro
first proposed that the volume of a gas at
a given pressure and temperature is
proportional to the number of atoms or
molecules, regardless of the type of gas.
Although he did not determine the exact
proportion, he is credited for the idea.
 Avogadro’s number is a proportion that relates
molar mass on an atomic scale to physical mass on a human scale.

Avogadro’s number is defined as the

number of elementary particles (molecules, atoms,
compounds, etc.) per mole of a substance.
It is equal to 6.022×1023 mol-1 and is expressed as the
symbol NA.
Mole
A mole corresponds to the mass of a
substance that contains 6.022×1023
particles of a substance.
Avogadro’s number is a similar concept to that of a dozen.

A dozen molecules is 12 molecules.

Avogadro’s number is 6.022×1023 molecules. With

Avogadro’s number, scientists can discuss and compare
very large numbers, which is useful because substances in
everyday quantities contain very large numbers of atoms
and molecules.
 The Mole
The mole (abbreviated mol) is the SI measure of
quantity of a “chemical entity,” such as atoms,
electrons, or protons.
It is defined as the amount of a substance that contains
as many particles as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure
carbon-12.
So, 1 mol contains 6.022×1023 elementary entities of the
substance.
 Chemical Computations with
Avogadro’s Number and the Mole
Avogadro’s number is fundamental to understanding both the
makeup of molecules and their interactions and combinations.
For example, since one atom of oxygen will combine with two atoms
of hydrogen to create one molecule of water (H2O),
one mole of oxygen (6.022×1023 of O atoms) will combine with two
moles of hydrogen (2 × 6.022×1023 of H atoms) to make one mole of
H2O.
 Another property of Avogadro’s number is that the
mass of one mole of a substance is equal to that
substance’s molecular weight.
For example, the mean molecular weight of water is
18.015 atomic mass units (amu), so one mole of water
weight 18.015 grams. This property simplifies many
chemical computations.
Converting between Moles and Atoms
Key Points

Avogadro’s number is a very important relationship to remember: 1

mole = 6.022×1023 atoms, molecules, protons, etc.
To convert from moles to atoms, multiply the molar amount by
Avogadro’s number.
To convert from atoms to moles, divide the atom amount by
Avogadro’s number (or multiply by its reciprocal).
Moles to atoms
0.250 moles of Rb = 1.51x1023 atoms Rb
1.23 X 1050 molecules of H2 = 2.04x1026 moles H2

How many molecules are in 2.00 moles of H2O?

How many moles are in 8.30 X 1023 molecules of H2O?
How many molecules are in 0.500 moles of H2?
How many atoms are in 1.00 moles of He?
How many atoms are in 1.50 moles of Hg?
 Balancing
In chemistry, chemical reactions are frequently written as
an equation, using chemical symbols.

The reactants are displayed on the left side of the equation

and the products are shown on the right, with the separation
of either a single or double arrow that signifies the
direction of the reaction.
 To balance an equation, it is necessary that
there are the same number of atoms on the
left side of the equation as the right. One can
do this by raising the coefficients.
 Reactants to Products
A chemical equation is like a recipe for a reaction so it
displays all the ingredients or terms of a chemical
reaction. It includes the elements, molecules, or ions in
the reactants and in the products as well as their
states, and the proportion for how much of each
particle is create relative to one another, through the
stoichiometric coefficient.
2Na(s)+2HCl(aq)→2NaCl(aq)+H2(g)

Based on the Law of Conservation of Mass, which states that matter is neither
created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction, every chemical reaction has
the same elements in its reactants and products, though the elements
they are paired up with often change in a reaction.

In this reaction, sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), and chloride (Cl) are the
elements present in both reactants, so based on the law of conservation
of mass, they are also present on the product side of the equations.
Converting grams to moles and moles to
grams
How many moles are in 15 grams of lithium? 2.2 moles of Li

How many gramsare in 2.4 moles of sulfur? 77 g of Sulfur

1. How many grams are in 4.5 moles of sodium fluoride,
NaF?
2. How many moles are in 98.3 grams of aluminum
hydroxide, Al(OH)3?
3. How many grams are in 0.02 moles of beryllium
iodide, BeI2?
4. How many moles are in 68 grams of copper (II)
hydroxide, Cu(OH)2?
end
Stoichiometric Coefficients
In a balanced reaction, both sides of the
equation have the same number of elements. The
stoichiometric coefficient is the number written in
front of atoms, ion and molecules in a chemical
reaction to balance the number of each element
on both the reactant and product sides of the
equation.
 Stoichiometry and Balanced
Equations
In stoichiometry, balanced equations make it possible to
compare different elements through the stoichiometric
factor.

This is the mole ratio between two factors in a chemical

reaction found through the ratio of stoichiometric
coefficients.
 Molar Mass
Molar mass is a useful chemical
ratio between mass and moles.
The atomic mass of each individual element as listed in the
periodic table established this relationship for atoms or ions.
For compounds or molecules, you have to take the sum of the
atomic mass times the number of each atom in order to
determine the molar mass
 Converting between Mass and
Number of Moles
Chemists generally use the mole as the unit for the number of
atoms or molecules of a material. One mole (abbreviated mol) is
equal to 6.022×1023 molecular entities (Avogadro’s number), and
each element has a different molar mass depending on the weight
of 6.022×1023 of its atoms (1 mole). The molar mass of any
element can be determined by finding the atomic mass of the
element on the periodic table. For example, if the atomic mass of
sulfer (S) is 32.066 amu, then its molar mass is 32.066 g/mol.
 Determining the Molar Mass of a
Compound
In a compound of NaOH, the molar mass of Na alone is 23
g/mol, the molar mass of O is 16 g/mol, and H is 1 g/mol.
What is the molar mass of NaOH?
Na+O+H=NaOH
23 g/mol+16 g/mol+1 g/mol=40 g/mol

The molar mass of the compound NaOH is 40 g/mol.

Converting Mass to Number of Moles
How many moles of NaOH are present in 90 g of NaOH?
Since the molar mass of NaOH is 40 g/mol, we can divide the 90 g of
NaOH by the molar mass (40 g/mol) to find the moles of NaOH. This
the same as multiplying by the reciprocal of 40 g/mol.
If the equation is arranged correctly, the mass units (g) cancel out
and leave moles as the unit.
90 g NaOH×1 mol / 40 g=2.25 mol NaOH
There are 2.25 moles of NaOH in 90g of NaOH.
 Percent Mass
Percents establish a relationship as well.
A percent mass states how many grams of a mixture are of
a certain element or molecule. The percent X% states that
of every 100 grams of a mixture, X grams are of the stated
element or compound. This is useful in determining mass of
a desired substance in a molecule.
 Molarity
Molarity (moles/L) establishes a relationship
between moles and liters. Given volume and
molarity, it is possible to calculate mole or
use moles and molarity to calculate volume.
This is useful in chemical equations and
dilutions.
 Determining Empirical Formulas
An empirical formula can be determined through
chemical stoichiometry by determining which
elements are present in the molecule and in
what ratio.
The ratio of elements is determined by
comparing the number of moles of each element
present.