Chapter 1-Introduction to Routing and Packet

Forwarding

CCNA Exploration 4.0

1
Objectives

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Routers are Computers

• Routers have many of the same hardware and software components

that are found in other computers including:
– CPU
– RAM
– ROM
– Operating System

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Routers are at the Network Center

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Routers Determine the Best Path
• The primary responsibility of a router is to direct packets destined for
local and remote networks by:
– Determining the best path to send packets.
– Forwarding packets toward their destination.

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Routers Determine the Best Path

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Routers are Computers
Routers determine the best path

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Evolution of Routers

• Multiprotocol devices providing pure data delivery with

minimal access control and QoS.
• Intelligent Network Services, this allowed us to provide .0
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security capabilities like integrated firewall and encryption.4
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• Integrated voice and data capabilities, allowing a trouters
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provide voice gateway features for IP telephony.
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Today the router is an integrated platformA .Bfor providing
CC ww
advanced services in security, contentw delivery, and voice.

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Cisco Router Series

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Router Components
• Router components and their functions”
 CPU - Executes operating system instructions
 Random access memory (RAM) - Contains the running copy
of configuration file. Stores routing table. RAM contents lost
when power is off
 Read-only memory (ROM) - Holds diagnostic software used
when router is powered up. Stores the router’s bootstrap
program.
 Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) - Stores startup configuration.
This may include IP addresses (Routing protocol, Hostname
of router) 4 .0
 Flash memory - Contains the operating system (Cisco nIOS) V
 Interfaces - There exist multiple physical interfaces a tio .are
that c om
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used to connect network. Examples of interface
x pltypes:
C A
• Ethernet / fast Ethernet interfaces E KA
• Serial interfaces N A .B
• Management interfaces CC www

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Cisco IOS Software Architecture for 1800 Series

• Identified IOS Software includes: Feature and Version

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Router Boot-up Process

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Router Boot-up Process

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Router Boot-up Process

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Verify the router boot-up process

• The show version command is used to view

information about the router during the bootup
process. Information includes:
 Platform model number
 Image name & IOS version
 Bootstrap version stored in ROM
 Image file name & where it was loaded from
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 Number & type of interfaces n V
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 Amount of NVRAM l o r D
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 Amount of flash E KA
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 Configuration register CC www

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Verify the router boot-up process

• The show version command can be used to help verify and

troubleshoot some of the basic hardware and software components of
the router.

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Router Interfaces
• Router Interface is a physical connector that enables a
router to send or receive packets
• Each interface connects to a separate network
• Consist of socket or jack found on the outside of a router
• Types of router interfaces:
Fixed: Fastethernet
Modular: .0
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• Serial n
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• ISDN E KA
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• Fastethernet CC www

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 Router Interfaces

• Two major groups of Router Interfaces

– LAN Interfaces:
 Are used to connect router to
LAN network
 Has a layer 2 MAC address
 Can be assigned a Layer 3 IP
address
 Usually consist of an RJ-45 jack
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• WAN Interfaces V
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 Are used to connect routers to external networks tio om
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that interconnect LANs. o
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 Depending on the WAN technology, a layer
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address may be used.
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 Uses a layer 3 IP address

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Router Interfaces

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Routers and the Network Layer

• The main purpose of a router is to connect multiple networks and

forward packets destined either for its own networks or other networks.
• A router is considered a Layer 3 device because its primary forwarding
decision is based on the information in the Layer 3 IP packet,
specifically the destination IP address. This process is known as
routing.

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Routers and the Network Layer

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Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes

• At a minimum, the documentation should include a topology diagram

that indicates the physical connectivity and an addressing table that
lists all of the following information:
– Device names.
– Interfaces used in the design.
– IP addresses and subnet masks.
– Default gateway addresses for end devices, such as PCs.

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Basic Router Configuration

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Basic Router Configuration

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Basic Router Configuration
• Verifying Basic Router Configuration
– Issue the show running-config command
– Save the basic router configuration by Issuing the copy
running-config startup-config command
– Additional commands that will enable you to further verify
router configuration are:
 Show running-config - Displays configuration currently in
RAM .0
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 Show startup-config - Displays configuration filenNVRAM
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 Show IP route - Displays routing table o r D.
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 Show interfaces - Displays all interfacex
E KA C
configurations
NA .Binterface
 Show IP int brief - Displays abbreviated
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configuration information

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Introducing the Routing Table

• Routing Table is stored in ram and contains information about:

 Directly connected networks - this occurs when a device is
connected to another router interface
 Remotely connected networks - this is a network that is not
directly connected to a particular router
 Detailed information about the networks include source of
information, Network address & subnet mask, and Ip address
of next-hop router .0
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• Show ip route command is used to view a routing tablenV
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Introducing the Routing Table
• The following analogies may help clarify the concept of
connected, static, and dynamic routes:
– Directly Connected Routes.
– Static Routes.
– Dynamic Routes.

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Adding a Connected Network to the Routing Table

• Once the interface is "up“ and “have an ip address”, the network

of that interface is added to the routing table as a directly
connected network.

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Static Routing
• Static routes in the routing table
– Includes: network address and subnet mask and IP address of next
hop router or exit interface.
– Denoted with the code S in the routing table.
– Routing tables must contain directly connected networks used to
connect remote networks before static or dynamic routing can be
used.
• When to use static routes
– When network only consists of a few routers. 4 .0
– Network is connected to internet only through one ISP.on
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– Hub & spoke topology is used on a large network.or D
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Static Routing

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Dynamic Routing

• Dynamic routing protocols are used by routers to share information

about the reachability and status of remote networks. Dynamic routing
protocols perform several activities, including:
– Network discovery.
– Updating and maintaining routing tables.

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Dynamic Routing

• Dynamic routing features:

– Automatic Network Discovery.
– Maintaining Routing Tables.
• IP Routing Protocols
– RIP (Routing Information Protocol) .
– IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol).
– EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol).
– OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). .0
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– IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System). n V
– BGP (Border Gateway Protocol). a tio .com
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Routing Table Principles
• Routing Table Principles
– 3 principles regarding routing tables:
 Every router makes its decisions alone, based on the
information it has in its routing table.
 One router’s information in the routing table may not be the
same as another router’s routing table.
 Routing information about a path to a network does not provide
information on how to return to the original network.
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Routing Table Principles

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Routing Table Principles

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Routing Table Principles

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Routing Table Principles

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Packet Fields and Frame Fields
• Internet Protocol (IP) packet format contains fields that provide
information about the packet and the sending and receiving hosts
• Fields that are importance for CCNA students:
– Destination IP address.
– Source IP address.
– Version & TTL.
– IP header length.
– Precedence & type of service.
– Packet length. 4 .0
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Packet Fields and Frame Fields

• MAC Layer Frame Format

• MAC Frames are also divided into fields. They include:
– Preamble
– Start of frame delimiter
– Destination MAC address
– Source MAC address
– Type/length
– Data and pad .0
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– Frame check sequence n
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Best Path and Metric

• A Metric is a numerical value used by routing protocols to assess a

given route
• Metrics may be based on a single path variable or multiple variables of
a path
• 2 types of metrics used by routing protocols are:
– Hop count - this is the number of routers a packet must travel
through to get to its destination.
– Bandwidth - this is the “speed” of a link also known as the data
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Router Paths and Packet Switching
• Equal cost metric is a condition where a router has multiple paths
to the same destination that all have the same metric
• To solve this dilemma, a router will use Equal Cost Load
Balancing. This means the router sends packets over the
multiple exit interfaces listed in the routing table.
• Equal Cost Paths and Unequal Cost Paths: a router can send
packets over multiple networks even when the metric is not the
same if it is using a routing protocol that has this capability.

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Path Determination
• Path determination enables a router to evaluate paths to a destination
& to establish the preferred way to handle the packet.
• One of 3 things happens when a router searches a routing table to find
a route to destination
– Next hop determined.
– Exit interface determined.
– No route determined.

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Switching Function
• Switching Function of Router is the process used by a router to switch
a packet from an incoming interface to an outgoing interface on the
same router.
– A packet received by a router will do the following:
 Strips off layer 2 headers.
 Examines destination IP address located in Layer 3 header to
find best route to destination.
 Re-encapsulates layer 3 packet into layer 2 frame.
 Forwards frame out exit interface. 4 .0 V
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Switching Function(refer to 1.4.5)

• Step 1: PC1 has a packet to be sent to PC2

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Switching Function

• Step 1: PC1 has a packet to be sent to PC2

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Switching Function

• Step 1: PC1 has a packet to be sent to PC2

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Switching Function
• Step 2: Router R1 receives the Ethernet frame

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Switching Function
• Step 2: Router R1 receives the Ethernet frame

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Switching Function
• Step 2: Router R1 receives the Ethernet frame

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Switching Function
• Step 2: Router R1 receives the Ethernet frame

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Switching Function
• Step 2: Router R1 receives the Ethernet frame

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Switching Function
• Step 2: Router R1 receives the Ethernet frame

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Switching Function
• Step 3: Packet arrives at router R2

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Switching Function
• Step 3: Packet arrives at router R2

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Switching Function
• Step 3: Packet arrives at router R2

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Switching Function
• Step 4: The packet arrives at R3

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Switching Function
• Step 4: The packet arrives at R3

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Switching Function
• Step 4: The packet arrives at R3

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Switching Function
• Step 4: The packet arrives at R3

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