Sustainable Power Utilization

By: Muluken T.
1. Jonsson, Hans, and Paulina Bohdanowicz, eds.
Sustainable energy utilisation. Royal Institute of
Technology, Department of Energy Technology,
2005.

2 Friday, June 26, 2020

 Outline
• Introduction
• Heating and Cooling Demand Calculation
• Ventilation Systems and Requirements
• Passive System
• Alternative Cooling Processes

Friday, June 26, 2020

 Introduction

CARNOT efficiency: (TH-TL)/TH

Power Utilization
Heating, Ventilation and air
condition (HVAC) and Refrigerating
 Thermal comfort
• Main purpose of HVAC systems is to provide conditions
for human thermal and non-thermal comfort
• Thermal comfort condition of mind that expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment
• Non-thermal comfort air quality (humidity), noise and
light level

Friday, June 26, 2020

• The individual’s perception of thermal comfort depends on the rate of heat
exchanges between that person and the surroundings
• Heat is formed within the human body in two ways:
1. by the breakdown of food and organic substances stored in fat – metabolic
activities;
2. by the contraction of muscles performing the work- mechanical work

Friday, June 26, 2020

Metabolic activity

• AD is body surface
area
• M is body mass in kg
• H is body height in m
• Metabolic unit is met,
refers to the
metabolic rate of a
sedentary
person( seated or
quiet) and is equal to
58.2 W/m2

Friday, June 26, 2020

 Conditions of thermal comfort
• a seated person in still air at around 18oC
– 45 % by radiation

– 30% by convection,

– 25 % by evaporation

• ln order to maintain thermal comfort two condition must be balanced

1. the actual combination of skin temperature and the body’s core Temperature

2. Heat produced by the metabolism should be equal to the amount of heat lost
from the body

• There are two factors of thermal comfort

1. Personal activity and clothing

2. Environmental comfort factors

Friday, June 26, 2020

 Environmental comfort factors
• Environmental factors affecting the
perception of thermal comfort includes;
– Temperature
– Humidity
– Air motion
– Radiation

Friday, June 26, 2020

Psychrometric chart

Friday, June 26, 2020

Comfort zones

Friday, June 26, 2020

Types of HCAC systems

Friday, June 26, 2020

• Split

• window
Friday, June 26, 2020
14 Friday, June 26, 2020
 Heating and Cooling Demand Calculation
• The purpose of heating and cooling calculation is to
assure such indoor conditions at the in habitants will feel
comfortable
• Heat gains from the sun can lead to increases in internal
temperatures beyond the limits of comfort, this is usually
above 24oC dry bulb temperature
• Solar radiation that is transmitted into buildings through;
windows, walls, roof, floor and by admitting external air
into the building
• ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals
Friday, June 26, 2020
 Load Calculation Methods
• There are different cooling and heating load calculation methods in
practice
1. Heat balance (HB)
2. Radiant time series (RTS)
3. Transfer function method (TFM)
4. Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging
(TETD/TA)
5. Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load
factors (CLTD/CLF)

• Ethiopian Building Code Standard Mechanical Ventilation and Air-

Conditioning in Buildings recommends Heat balance (HB)

Friday, June 26, 2020

 Heat Balance Method of Cooling Load
Calculation
• Solar energy is transmitted to the inside of the building
through the window
• Some of the heat is absorbed and reflected by the window,
and the remainder is absorbed by the interior surfaces
• When those surfaces later emit that heat by convection,
cooling load is created in the room – there’s a radiative delay
• The Heat Balance Method calculates these time delay effects
• Conductive, convective, and radiative heat balance is
calculated directly for each surface within a room

Friday, June 26, 2020

18 Friday, June 26, 2020
 Cooling load calculation on an air conditioning
system
• Sensible Heat Gain– is the energy added to the space by
conduction, convection and/or radiation.
• Latent Heat Gain – is the energy added to the space when
moisture is added to the space by means of vapor emitted by the
occupants, generated by a process or through air infiltration from
outside or adjacent areas
• Radiant Heat Gain – the rate at which heat absorbed is by the
surfaces enclosing the space and the objects within the space
• Space Heat Gain – is the rate at which heat enters into and/or is
generated within the conditioned space during a given time
interval
Friday, June 26, 2020
 Requirements of load calculation
• Detailed building design information
• Weather data at selected design conditions
• Information on operation schedules of
various systems, and occupancy rates, and
behavior patterns

Friday, June 26, 2020

 Climatic Design Conditions
• Warm-season temperature and humidity conditions correspond to annual percentile values
of 0.4, 1.0, and 2.5
• Cold-season conditions are based on annual percentiles of 99.6 and 99.0 and 97.5.
1. Dry-bulb temperature corresponding to 0.4%, 1.0%, and 2.5% annual cumulative
frequency of occurrence and the mean coincident wet-bulb temperature (warm)

2. Wet-bulb temperature corresponding to 0.4%, 1.0%, and 2.5% annual cumulative

frequency of occurrence and the mean coincident dry bulb temperature

3. Dew-point temperature corresponding to 0.4%, 1.0%, and 2.5% annual cumulative

frequency of occurrence and the mean coincident dry-bulb temperature and the
humidity ratio (calculated for the dew-point temperature at the standard atmospheric
pressure at the elevation of the station)

4. Mean daily range, which is the mean of the difference between daily maximum and
minimum dry-bulb temperatures for the warmest month (highest average dry-bulb
temperature)

Friday, June 26, 2020

Design Condition for Cooling (Maximum Temperature)

Friday, June 26, 2020

Outdoor Design Condition for Heating

Friday, June 26, 2020

Monthly Maximum and Minimum Temperature Values for
Different Locations

Friday, June 26, 2020

25 Friday, June 26, 2020
26 Friday, June 26, 2020
27 Friday, June 26, 2020
 Generally type of loads are;
1. Sensible Transmission through glass
2. Solar Gain through glass
3. Internal Heat gains
4. Heat gain through walls
5. Heat gain through roof
6. Ventilation and/ or infiltration gains
• The heat gain through the glass windows is divided into two parts since there is a heat
gain due to temperature difference between outside and inside and another gain due to
solar radiation shining through windows.
• Heat gains through solid ground floors are minimal and can be neglected

Friday, June 26, 2020

 Sensible Transmission Through Glass
• This is the Solar Gain due to differences between inside and
outside temperatures.
• This gain only applies to materials of negligible thermal capacity
i.e. glass

Friday, June 26, 2020

30 Friday, June 26, 2020
 Solar Gain Through Windows
• This gain is when the sun shines through the windows

Friday, June 26, 2020

32 Friday, June 26, 2020
 Internal Heat Gains
• These gains are from
– Occupants,
– Lights,

– Equipment and Machinery

– ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT - PC’s and Monitors -Laser Printers and
Photocopiers –
– Electric Motors, Lift Motors
– Cooking equipment

• Q int. = Heat from Occupants + Heat from Lighting + Heat from Electrical
Equipment + Heat from Cooking

Friday, June 26, 2020

Heat gain from Occupants

Friday, June 26, 2020

Heat gain from Lights

Friday, June 26, 2020

Heat gain from Equipment and Machinery

Friday, June 26, 2020

 Heat Gain Through Walls
• This is the unsteady-state heat flow through a wall due to the
varying intensity of solar radiation on the outer surface

Friday, June 26, 2020

Heat Gain Through Roof

Are of room in m2

Friday, June 26, 2020

 Ventilation and/or Infiltration Gains
• The heat gain is from sensible and latent heat gains

All rooms and occupied spaces which

are not naturally ventilated or air-
conditioned shall be mechanically
ventilated to achieve removal of heat
and possible contaminants- air change

Friday, June 26, 2020

 Infiltration latent heat gain

Total infiltration heat gain = Sensible heat gain + Latent heat gains

40 Friday, June 26, 2020

Summary Format for Cooling load Components

Friday, June 26, 2020

 Ventilation Systems and Requirements
• Ventilation Requirements
• Ventilation plays a vital role in providing and securing optimum air quality and thermal
comfort in buildings
• It is especially needed to dilute and remove pollutants emitted from unavoidable sources such
as those derived from metabolism and from the essential Activities of occupants
• Indoor Air Quality affected by
• Chemical
• Biological - bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other living or
nonliving organisms capable
• Physical- excessive levels vibration illumination
• Ergonomic
Friday, June 26, 2020
43 Friday, June 26, 2020
 Ventilation Systems
1. Natural ventilation (the flow of outdoor air
caused by wind and air density differences)
2. Mechanical (forced) ventilation
• mechanical work- fan such as;
• Exhaust-only system
• supply-only system
• supply and exhaust system
3. Hybrid ventilation (combination of natural
and mechanical ventilation)
Friday, June 26, 2020
Some of common application includes
• Car park ventilation
• Kitchen Ventilation
• Bathrooms and toilets ventilation
• Exit facilities ventilation

Friday, June 26, 2020

46 Friday, June 26, 2020
47 Friday, June 26, 2020
 DUCT DESIGN
• Design Considerations
1. In designing the ductwork for an air distribution system, consideration should be
given to the air velocities in ducts, choice of materials and construction of the
ducts

2. For the best economic solution, the duct system shall be designed at the smallest
aspect ratio in co-ordination with the space available for duct installation

3. Maximum velocity for different applications shall be

Friday, June 26, 2020

• Velocity method
• Equal Friction Method
• Static Regain method

Friday, June 26, 2020

 Design methodology
• By selecting an appropriate pressure drop, the required duct diameter can be
selected for any given air volume. Some designers use values as shown below.
– Quiet - Pressure drop 0.4 Pa/m.
– Commercial - Pressure drop 0.6 Pa/m.
– Industrial - Pressure drop 0.8 Pa/m.
• What areas need ventilation?
• What type of system should be used, supply, extract or balanced?
• Are there any alternative systems to consider?
• Is air conditioning necessary in the building?
• If air conditioning is necessary then should it be incorporated into the
ventilation system?

Friday, June 26, 2020

• Pressure Drop in a Duct:

Friday, June 26, 2020

52 Friday, June 26, 2020
 Passive System
• Alternative cooling

Friday, June 26, 2020

 Example
• The Restaurant shown below is to be maintained at a constant comfort
temperature for 12 hours working per day. The Restaurant area is on the
ground floor of a Single-story building located at 51.7oN. (bahirdar)
• The internal construction is lightweight partitions, concrete hollow slab floors
and suspended ceilings.
• Calculate the maximum sensible cooling load in the Restaurant area in July
• DATA:
• Occupants = 70
• Lighting = 22 Watts / m2 floor area
• Infiltration = 10 air changes per hour

Friday, June 26, 2020

• Building classification = lightweight, fast response
building.
• External wall surface texture = dark.
• External wall - use information from standard Brick,
internal 50mm EPS insulation, 100mm lightweight
aggregate concrete block, 13mm dense plaster, cavity
wall.
• Windows - Double glazed internal shade, clear 6mm
glass, light slatted blinds, intermittent shading.
• Roof - use information in standards
• Heat gain from equipment = 2000 Watts
Friday, June 26, 2020
56 Friday, June 26, 2020
57 Friday, June 26, 2020
58 Friday, June 26, 2020
59 Friday, June 26, 2020
 Duct sizing
Sectio Le Flow Press Duct size velocit Veloc Fitting Pressure Total Cumula
n ng rate ure y ity pressu loss press tive
th m3/s drop press re loss ure pressure
Fittin St loss
m Pa/m ure factor loss
g pa rai Pa
zeta pa
gh
t
du
ct
A 5 2 0.6 500by7 5.17 20 0.04 0.04 0.
00 *20 6
=0.8 *
5
B 10 1.8 0.6 500by6 5.9 21 0.09 1.89
50
C 5 1.6 0.6 50by 5.7 19.4 0.04 0.77
600
D 3 1.4 0.6 500 by 5.5 19.4 0.6 11.6
525 4

Friday, June 26, 2020

Friday, June 26, 2020
62 Friday, June 26, 2020