Time Response Analysis: Transient and Steady

State Response, Standard Test Input Functions

• The dynamic behavior of a system is therefore judged and

• Another standard signal of great importance is a sinusoidal

Time Response Analysis: Transient and Steady State Response, Standard Test Input Functions 2
 Impulse Signal
• The impulse signal imitate the δ(t)
sudden shock characteristic of
actual input signal. A
A t0
 (t )  
0 t0
0 t
• If A=1, the impulse signal is
called unit impulse signal.

Time Response Analysis: Transient and Steady State Response, Standard Test Input Functions 3
 Step Signal
• The step signal imitate the sudden u(t)
change characteristic of actual input
signal. A
A t0
u( t )  
0 t0
0 t
• If A=1, the step signal is called unit
step signal

Time Response Analysis: Transient and Steady State Response, Standard Test Input Functions 4
 Ramp Signal
• The ramp signal imitate the
constant velocity characteristic of r(t)
actual input signal.
 At t0
r (t )  
0 t0

• If A=1, the ramp signal is called 0 t

Time Response Analysis: Transient and Steady State Response, Standard Test Input Functions 5
 Parabolic Signal
• The parabolic signal imitate the
constant acceleration characteristic p(t)
of actual input signal.
 At 2
 t0
p( t )   2
0 t0
 t
0
• If A=1, the parabolic signal is
called unit parabolic signal.
Time Response Analysis: Transient and Steady State Response, Standard Test Input Functions 6
 Which Test Signal to Choose and
When?
• Which of these typical input signals to use for analyzing
system characteristics may be determined by the form of
the input that the system will be subjected to most
frequently under normal operation.
• If the inputs to a control system are gradually changing
functions of time, then a ramp function of time may be a
good test signal.
• Similarly, if a system is subjected to sudden disturbances,
a step function of time may be a good test signal.
Time Response Analysis: Transient and Steady State Response, Standard Test Input Functions 7
 Typical Test Signals
• For a system subjected to shock inputs, an impulse
function may be best.
• Once a control system is designed on the basis of
test signals, the performance of the system in
response to actual inputs is generally satisfactory.
• The use of such test signals enables one to compare
the performance of all systems on the same basis.

Time Response Analysis: Transient and Steady State Response, Standard Test Input Functions 8
Transient Response and Steady-State Response
• The time response of a control system consists of
two parts namely;
1. The transient response.
2. The steady-state response.
• By transient response, we mean that which goes
from the initial state to the final state.

Time Response Analysis: Transient and Steady State Response, Standard Test Input Functions 9
Transient Response and Steady-State Response
• The transient is the way in which the system
responds during the time it takes to reach its steady
state.
• Transient means “short lived”. This depends on
system characteristics.
• By steady-state response, we mean the manner in
which the system output behaves as ‘t’ approaches
infinity.
Time Response Analysis: Transient and Steady State Response, Standard Test Input Functions 10
 Response for an Elevator
Input : Stimulus Output : Response
PRESS BUTTON 4 FOURTH FLOOR
ELEVATOR
Desired Response Actual response
SPEED & FLOOR
LEVELLING ACCURACY

Performance
of
an Elevator:
Desired output-
elevator
response is
shown as a
Step Function.
Time Response Analysis: Transient and Steady State Response, Standard Test Input Functions 11
Transient Response and Steady-State Response
• The system response c(t) may be written as:

c(t) = ctr(t) + css(t)

• Where ctr(t) is the transient response and css(t) is

Time Response Analysis: Transient and Steady State Response, Standard Test Input Functions 12
 Thank You! 

Time Response Analysis: Transient and Steady State Response, Standard Test Input Functions 13