Architectural Patterns

for a competitive advantage

Grady Booch
Chief Scientist
Rational Software Corporation
Architecting a doghouse

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Architecting a house

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Architecting a high rise

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Modeling a house

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Classical architecture
Progress
- Limited knowledge of theory

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Modern architecture
Progress
- Advances in materials
- Advances in analysis

Progress
- 5 times the span of the Pantheon
- 3 times the height of Cheops

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Movements in civil architecture
 Bronze age/Egyptian (Imhotep)
 Grecian/Roman (Vitruvius) Progress
- Imitation of previous efforts
- Learning from failure

 Byzantine/Romanesque
- Integration of other forces
- Experimentation

 Gothic
 Mannerism (Michelangelo, Palladio)
 Baroque
 Engineering/Rational/National/Romantic
 Art noveau
 Modern movement (Wright, LeCorbusier)
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 Neufert Architect’s Data
The Handbook of Building Types

Kinds of civil architectures

 Community
 houses, flats and apartments, gardens,
education, hospitals, religion
 Commerce
 shops and stores, restaurants, hotels, office
buildings, banks, airports
 Industry
 industrial buildings, laboratories, farm
buildings
 Leisure
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Forces in civil architecture

Load
Kinds of loads
- Dead loads
- Live loads
- Dynamic loads
Compression Tension Avoiding failure
- Safety factors
- Redundancy
- Equilibrium

Load

Any time you depart from established practice, make ten times the
effort, ten times the investigation. Especially on a very large project.
- LeMessuier

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 Stewart Brand, How Buildings Learn

Shearing layers of change

Space plan

Services
Stuff
Structure

Skin

Site

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 Walker Royce, Rational

Dimensions of complexity
Higher technical complexity
- Embedded, real-time, distributed, fault-tolerant
- Custom, unprecedented, architecture reengineering
- High performance
An average software project:
- 5-10 people Defense
- 10-15 month duration Telecom Weapon System
- 3-5 external interfaces Switch
- Some unknowns & risks National Air Traffic
Commercial Control System
Embedded Compiler
Automotive
Software Large-Scale
Lower CASE Tool Organization/Entity
Simulation
Higher
management management
complexity Small Scientific complexity
- Small scale Simulation - Large scale
- Informal IS Application
Defense
- Contractual
Distributed Objects Enterprise IS
- Single stakeholder (Family of IS MIS System - Many stake holders
(Order Entry)
- “Products” Applications) - “Projects”
IS Application
GUI/RDB
(Order Entry)
Business
Spreadsheet

Lower technical complexity

- Mostly 4GL, or component-based
- Application reengineering
- Interactive performance

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 Forces in software architecture
Functionality Technology churn

Performance Resilience Differences

- No moving parts
- New materials can be created
- Physics can be changed

Throughput Fail safe Avoiding failure

- Separation of concerns
- Semantic consistency
- Distribution of responsibilities

Capacity Fault tolerance

Availability

Have an architecture that makes sense before you write 3.5 million
lines of code.
- Patrick Naugton

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 Richard Gabriel

Architecture-centric
 Purpose Approaches
- Worse-is-better

 intellectual control
- The Right Thing

 basis for reuse

 basis for project management; risk reduction
 Representation
 4+1 view model
 Process
 iterative and incremental development
 successive refinement of an executable
architecture
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 Mary Shaw, CMU
Grady Booch,
Philippe Kruchten,

Architecture defined
Rich Reitman
Kurt Bittner, Rational

 Software architecture encompasses the

set of significant decisions about the
organization of a software system
 selection of the structural elements and their
interfaces by which a system is composed
 behavior as specified in collaborations among
those elements
 composition of these structural and
behavioral elements into larger subsystem
 architectural style that guides this
organization
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 Mary Shaw, CMU
Grady Booch,
Philippe Kruchten,

Architecture defined
Rich Reitman
Kurt Bittner, Rational

 Software architecture also involves

 usage
 functionality
 performance
 resilience
 reuse
 comprehensibility
 economic and technology constraints and
tradeoffs
 aesthetic concerns
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 Philippe Kruchten, Rational

The 4+1 view model

End user Programmers
- Functionality - Software management
- Vocabulary

Design Component
view view

Analysts/Testers
- Behavior
Use case
view U
Process Deployment
view view

System integrators System engineering

- Performance - System topology
- Scalability - Delivery and installation
- Throughput - Communication

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Use case diagram

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Scenario diagram

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Collaboration diagram

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Class diagram

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State transition diagram

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Component diagram

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Deployment diagram

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Relationships among views
Design view Component view

Process view


Deployment view

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Patterns
 A pattern is a solution to a problem in a
context
 A pattern codifies specific knowledge
collected from experience in a domain
 All well-structured systems are full of
patterns
 idioms
 design patterns
 architectural patterns
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 Gamma et al
Design Patterns

Design patterns
 Creational patterns
 abstract factory
 prototype
 Structural patterns
 adapter
 bridge
 proxy
 Behavioral patterns
 chain of responsibility
 mediator
 visitor
 Mechanisms are the soul of an architectureR
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 Shaw and Garlan
Software Architecture
Buschmann et al

Architectural patterns
A System of Patterns
Booch

 Distributed  Layered
 Event-driven  MVC
 Frame-based  IR-centric
 Batch  Subsumption
 Pipes and filters  Disposable
 Repository-centric
 Blackboard Patentable
- Hughes CAATS

 Interpreter
 Rule-based
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 Shaw and Garlan
Software Architecture in Practice

Taxonomy
 Data flow
 dominated by motion of data through the
system
 Kinds
 batch sequential
 data flow network
 pipes and filters

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 Shaw and Garlan
Software Architecture in Practice

Taxonomy
 Call and return
 dominated by order of computation
 Examples
 main program/subroutines
 abstract data types
 object
 call based client/server
 layered

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 Shaw and Garlan
Software Architecture in Practice

Taxonomy
 Independent components
 Dominated by communication patterns
 Examples
 event systems
 communicating processes

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 Shaw and Garlan
Software Architecture in Practice

Taxonomy
 Data-centered
 dominated by a complex central data store,
manipulated by independent computations
 Examples
 repository
 blackboard

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 Shaw and Garlan
Software Architecture in Practice

Taxonomy
 Virtual machine
 characterized by translation of one instruction
set into another
 Examples
 interpreter

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Layered architecture
Issues
Applications - Separation of concerns

& interfaces

Major
processes

Domain
classes

Mechanisms

Services

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Distributed architecture
Issues
- DCOM vs EJB vs CORBA
- Distribution and migration
- Fine grain/large grain objects
- Stateless vs stateful services
- Clustering
- Replication
Clients
Mechanisms
- RPC
- Transaction
- Atomicity
- Consistency
- Isolation
- Durability
- Messaging
LAN - Conversation
- Request/response
- Publish and subscribe
- Broadcast

WAN
Servers

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Commercial frameworks
Similar to building
 MTS/MSQS codes or local
covenants
 CORBA
 Enterprise Java Beans
 Domino
 SAP R/3
 Delphi
 Forte
 Visual Basic

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DCOM architecture

Machine x
Machine y

Proxy

Standalone
server

Container
In-process
server
Container
In-process
server

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 David Chappell

MTS architecture
MTS executive Server

Class factory Class

Client wrapper factory

Proxy Stub Context

wrapper MTS
object

Context
object

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 Mowbray et al, Inside CORBA

CORBA architecture

Application objects CORBA facilities CORBA domains

- Organization specific - User interface - Financial services
- Information management - Health care
- System management - Telecommunications
- Task management - Other

Object request broker

CORBA services
- Concurrency - Lifecycle - Trade - Query
- Events - Naming - Start up - Relationships
- Externalization - Security - Persistence - Transactions
- Licensing - Time - Properties - Collections

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 Bill Roth, JavaSoft
©1998, Sun Microsystems, Inc.

EJB architecture

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Architectural context
 The choice of which building code or
covenant you chose to live under is an
architectural decision
 but by no means is this a sufficient
architectural decision

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Case studies
 CAATS
 Ship System 2000
 AWACS modernization
 trading system
 credit card processing
 cellular phone network
 cable television operations

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Sources of architecture

Method Method

Theft Intuition Theft Intuition

Classical system Unprecedented system

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Focus over time
Discovery Invention Implementation

Focus

Time
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Architecture across the lifecycle

Inception Elaboration Construction Transition

Planning

Analysis

Architecture

Design

Implementation

Integration

Test/assessment

Preliminary Iteration Iteration Iteration Iteration Iteration Iteration Iteration

Iteration #1 #2 ... #n+1 #... #m #m+1 #m+2 ..

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Conceptual integrity

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Futures
 Support for CBD
 ADL: Architecture Description Languages
 UML, UniCon, LILEAnna, P++, LEAP, Wright,
µRapid
 Standardization of concepts
 IEEE Working Group on Architecture
 INCOSE Working Group on System
Architecture
 Systematic capture of architectural
patterns
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For more information
 Email: [email protected]
 URL: http://www.rational.com

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