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Pe Module 5

This document discusses several global issues related to technology and business, including: 1) It describes globalization and how it integrates economies through trade, investment, and cultural exchange. 2) It examines dimensions of globalization like multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, and weapons development. 3) It discusses the responsibilities of multinational corporations operating in developing countries and issues around technology transfer, computer ethics, and environmental ethics.

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varsha raichal
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30 views28 pages

Pe Module 5

This document discusses several global issues related to technology and business, including: 1) It describes globalization and how it integrates economies through trade, investment, and cultural exchange. 2) It examines dimensions of globalization like multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, and weapons development. 3) It discusses the responsibilities of multinational corporations operating in developing countries and issues around technology transfer, computer ethics, and environmental ethics.

Uploaded by

varsha raichal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 5

Global issues
Globalization
• Globalization means integration of countries through
commerce, transfer of technology ,and exchange of
information and culture .
• It includes acting together and interacting economies
through trade,investment,loan,development schemes
and capital across countries.
• These flows include
knowledge,science,technology,culture,skills,and
entertainment besides direct human resource,tele
work and outsourcing
Dimensions of globalization
• Multinational corporations
• Environmental ethics
• Computer ethics
• Weapons development.
• Multinational Corporations (MNC)
When a company operates in several countries ,it is known
as Multinational or transnational corporations
Eg :Siemens,Ford,Philips,Sony
-the benefits enjoyed by MNCs doing business in less
economically developed countries are
Inexpensive lab our
Availability of rich natural resources
Favorable tax arrangements
Fresh market for products
3 senses of Relative values
• The corporations and individuals operating in
host countries have certain moral
responsibilities.
Ethical Relativism
Descriptive Relativism
Moral relationalism
Ethical Relativism
Actions are apparently morally right within a
particular society when they are approved by
law, customs or other conventions of that
society.
• Descriptive Relativism
-Values ,beliefs, and attitudes differ form culture
to culture
-practices approved by a culture need not be
morally justified
• Moral relationalism
This implies that moral judgments are
contextual .
Moral judgments should be made in relation to
factors that vary from case to case.
International Human Rights
• At international level ,the organizations are
expected to adopt the minimum levels of
Values such as mutual support,loyalty,and
reciprocity
The negative duty of refraining harmful
actions such as violence and fraud
Basic fairness and practical justice in case of
conflicts
10 International Rights
• Right of freedom of physical movement of people
• Right of ownership of properties
• Freedom from torture
• Rights to fair trial on the products
• Freedom from discrimination on the basis of race or sex
• Physical security
• Right to have a minimum education
• Right to political participation
• Right to live and exist
• Freedom of speech and forming association
Promoting morally just measures
• When MNCs from wealthy countries transact business in less
economically developed countries ,the following guidelines must be
observed
 They must pay their fair share of taxes
 They must tend to promote only morally just institutions in the society
 MNCs should not only respect the basic rights of people in the host
countries ,but also see that their activities benefit the host countries
 MNCs should respect the law and culture of the host country provided
they don’t violate basic moral rights.
 MNCs are required to inform workers ,in language they understand, of
safety factors and procedures to be followed
 MNCs must eliminate great risk when they can while still making a
reasonable profit
Technology transfer
• It is the process of moving technology to a
new setting and implementing it there.
• Technology includes hardware and techniques
• It may mean moving the technology
application from laboratory to the
field/factory or from one country to another
Computer Ethics
• Computer Ethics is the branch of engineering ethics
dealing with moral issues in computer technology.
• Computer ethics is the analysis of the nature and
social impact of computer technology and the
corresponding formulation and justification of
policies for the ethical use of such technology.
• Computer ethics includes consideration of both
personal and social policies for the ethical use of
computer technology.
Some issues in computer Ethics
• Power relationships
• Property
• Privacy
• Professional issues
Power Relationships
• Job elimination
• Customer relationships
• Biased Software
• Unrealistic Expectations
• Political power
• Military weapons
Property
• E embezzlement and other forms of stealing
money or financial assets
• Theft of data and software
Privacy
• More data are available to more people with
more ease with computers and makes privacy
more difficult to protect.
Inappropriate access
Data bank errors
Hackers
Legal responses
Internet defamation
Professional Issues
• Computer failures
• Computer implementation
• Health conditions
Property issues concerned with computers

• Computers have been used to extort money


through anonymous telephone calls
• Computers are used to cheat and steal by current
as well as previous employees.
• Cheating and stealing from customers and clients
• Violation of contracts on computer sales and
service
• Violation of property rights.
Computer crime
• Physical security
-the computers are to be protected against theft,fire,and
physical damage
• Logical security
-the aspects related are
(a)The privacy of the individual organization
(b)Confidentiality
(c)Integrity ,to ensure that the modification of data or
program are done by the authorized persons
(e)Protection against hacking that causes distortion
Environmental ethics
• Environment ethics is the study of
Moral issues concerning the environment
Moral perspectives ,beliefs, or attitudes
concerning those issues
• These are essential now to(i) ensure
protection of environment(ii)prevent the
degradation of environment(iii)slow down the
exploitation of natural resources
Engineers as experimenters have the
following duties towards environment
• Environmental impact assessment
• Establish standards
• Counter measure
• Environmental awareness
Weapons development
• Engineers involve in weapons development
because of the following reasons
 It gives one job with high salary
 One takes pride and honor in participating in the
activities towards the defense of nation
 One believes the he fights a war on terrorism and
thereby contribute to peace and stability of the
country
 Saving one country from disaster
Engineers as expert witness and advisors

• A witness is a person who can provide


information to a court of law
• An expert witness is an individual who
possesses knowledge,education,skill and
experience more than that of a layman
• Frequently engineers are required to act as a
consultant and provide expert opinion and
views in many legal cases of the past events.
Duties of engineers as expert witness
• The expert witness is required to exhibit the responsibility
of confidentiality
• As witness they are not required to volunteer evidence
favorable to the opponent. They must answer questions
truthfully ,need not elaborate and remain neutral until the
details are asked for further
• They should be objective to discover the truth and
communicate them honestly
• The expert should earnestly be impartial in identifying and
interpreting the observed data,recorded data and the
industrial standards
Engineers as advisors
• The engineers are required to give their view on the
future such as in planning ,policy –making, which
involves the technology
• Various issues and requirements for engineers who act
as advisors are
Objectivity
Study all aspects
Values
Technical complexity
National security
Moral leadership
• Engineers provide many types of leadership in
the development and implementation of
technology as
managers,entrepreneurs,consultants
,academics and officials of the govt.
• Reasonable means to motivate the groups to
achieve morally desirable goals.
Moral leadership is essentially required for
the following reasons
• It is leading a group of people towards the
achievement of global and objectives.
• The leadership shall direct and motivate the
group to move through morally desirable ways.
• They sustain professional interest ,among social
diversity and cross disciplinary complexity.
• They lead by thinking ahead in time and morally
create towards new applications, extension and
putting values into practice

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